REV. A

Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.

ADP3155

One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781/329-4700

World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com

Fax: 781/326-8703

© Analog Devices, Inc., 1999

5-Bit Programmable Triple Power Supply

Controller for Pentium

III Processors

FEATURES
Active Voltage Positioning with Gain and Offset

Adjustment

Optimal Compensation for Superior Load Transient

Response

VRM 8.2, VRM 8.3 and VRM 8.4-Compliant
5-Bit Digitally Programmable 1.3 V to 3.5 V Output
Dual N-Channel Synchronous Driver
Two Onboard Linear Regulator Controllers
Total Output Accuracy 1% Over Temperature
High Efficiency, Current-Mode Operation
Short Circuit Protection
Overvoltage Protection Crowbar Protects Micro-

processors, with No Additional External Components

Power Good Output
TSSOP-20 Package

APPLICATIONS
Desktop PC Power Supplies for:

Pentium II and Pentium III Processor Families
AMD-K6 Processors
VRM Modules

Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The ADP3155 is a highly efficient synchronous buck switching
regulator controller optimized for converting the 5 V main sup-
ply into the core supply voltage required by the Pentium III and
other high performance processors. The ADP3155 uses an
internal 5-bit DAC to read a voltage identification (VID) code
directly from the processor, which is used to set the output
voltage between 1.3 V and 3.5 V. The ADP3155 uses a current-
mode, constant off-time architecture to drive two external N-
channel MOSFETs at a programmable switching frequency that
can be optimized for size and efficiency. It also uses a unique
supplemental regulation technique called active voltage position-
ing to enhance load transient performance.

Active voltage positioning results in a dc/dc converter that meets
the stringent output voltage specifications for Pentium II and
Pentium III processors, with the minimum number of output
capacitors and the smallest footprint. Unlike voltage-mode and
standard current-mode architectures, active voltage positioning
adjusts the output voltage as a function of the load current so
that it is always optimally positioned for a system transient.

The ADP3155 provides accurate and reliable short circuit pro-
tection and adjustable current limiting. It also includes an inte-
grated overvoltage crowbar function to protect the microprocessor
from destruction in case the core supply exceeds the nominal
programmed voltage by more than 15%.

The ADP3155 contains two linear regulator controllers that are
designed to drive external N-channel MOSFETs. These linear
regulators are used to generate the auxiliary voltages (AGP,
GTL, etc.) required in most motherboard designs, and have
been designed to provide a high bandwidth load-transient re-
sponse. A pair of external feedback resistors sets each linear
regulator output voltage.

R4
20k

OLDO1

1 F

INLDO1

LDO1

+12V

1 F

22 F

+5V

1.3V TO
3.5V

SENSE

1nF

COMP

CMP

150pF

DRIVE1

SENSE+

SENSE

DRIVE2

PGND

AGND

ADP3155

FB1

LDO1

VID0VID4

5-BIT CODE

R6
20k

OLDO2

1 F

INLDO2

LDO2

FB2

LDO2

CMP

Figure 1. Typical Application

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

CMPI

REF

+5%

REF

5%

DELAY

REF

+15%

PWRGD

SENSE+

CROWBAR

OFF

NONOVERLAP

DRIVE

DRIVE1 DRIVE2 PGND

SENSE

VLDO1

REFERENCE

FB1

VLDO2

FB2

REF

CMPT

DAC

OFF-TIME
CONTROL

SENSE

1.20V

CMP

VID0

VID2

VID3

VID4

ADP3155

AGND

VID1

REV. A

ADP3155SPECIFICATIONS

(0 C

+70 C, V

= 12 V, V

= 5 V, unless otherwise noted)

Parameter

Symbol

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

OUTPUT ACCURACY

1.3 V Output Voltage

(Figure 13)

1.283 1.3

1.317

2.0 V Output Voltage

1.980 2.0

2.020

3.5 V Output Voltage

3.465 3.5

3.535

OUTPUT VOLTAGE LINE

LOAD

= 10 A (Figure 2)

REGULATION

= 4.75 V to 5.25 V

0.05

INPUT DC SUPPLY CURRENT

Normal Mode

= 0.6 V

4.1

5.5

Shutdown

= +25

C, VID Pins Floating

140

250

CURRENT SENSE THRESHOLD

VOLTAGE

SENSE(TH)

SENSE

Forced to V

OUT

125

145

165

VID0VID4 THRESHOLD

VID

(TH)

Low

0.6

High

2.0

VID0VID4 INPUT CURRENT

VID

VID = 0 V

110

220

VID0VID4 PULL-UP RESISTANCE

VID

PIN DISCHARGE CURRENT

= +25

OUT

in Regulation

OUT

= 0 V

OFF-TIME

OFF

= 150 pF

1.8

2.45

3.2

DRIVER OUTPUT TRANSITION

, t

= 7000 pF (Pins 17, 18)

TIME

= +25

120

200

POSITIVE POWER GOOD TRIP POINT

PWRGD

% Above Output Voltage

NEGATIVE POWER GOOD TRIP POINT

PWRGD

% Below Output Voltage

POWER GOOD RESPONSE TIME

PWRGD

500

CROWBAR TRIP POINT

CROWBAR

% Above Output Voltage

ERROR AMPLIFIER

OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

ERR

275

ERROR AMPLIFIER

TRANSCONDUCTANCE

m(ERR)

2.2

mmho

ERROR AMPLIFIER MINIMUM

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

CMPMIN

SENSE+

Forced to V

OUT

+ 3%

0.8

ERROR AMPLIFIER MAXIMUM

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

CMPMAX

SENSE+

Forced to V

OUT

2.4

ERROR AMPLIFIER BANDWIDTH 3 dB

ERR

CMP = Open

500

kHz

LINEAR REGULATOR FEEDBACK

CURRENT

0.35

LINEAR REGULATOR

OLDO1

Figure 2, R3 = R5 = 20 k

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

OLDO2

R4 = R6 = 35 k

, I

= 1 A

3.24

3.30

3.38

SHUTDOWN (SD) PIN

Low Threshold

Part Active

0.6

High Threshold

Part in Shutdown

2.0

Input Current

NOTES

All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.

Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered to the external MOSFETs.

The trip point is for the output voltage coming into regulation.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

REV. A

ADP3155

PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

Pin No.

Mnemonic

Function

14, 20

VID1VID4,

Voltage Identification DAC Inputs. These pins are pulled up to an internal reference, providing a

VID0

Logic 1 if left open. The DAC output programs the SENSE regulation voltage from 1.3 V to 3.5 V.
Leaving all five DAC inputs open results in placing the ADP3155 into shutdown.

AGND

Analog Ground. All internal signals of the ADP3155 are referenced to this ground.

Shutdown. A logic high will place the ADP3155 in shutdown and disable both outputs. This pin is
internally pulled down.

7, 14

FB1, FB2

These pin are the feedback connections for the linear controllers. Connect each pin to the resistor
divider from each respective linear regulator output to set its output voltage.

8, 13

LDO1

, V

LDO2

Gate drives for the respective linear regulator N-channel MOSFETs.

SENSE

Connects to the internal resistor divider that senses the output voltage. This pin is also the reference
input for the current comparator.

SENSE+

The (+) input for the current comparator. The output current is sensed as a voltage at this pin with
respect to SENSE.

External capacitor C

connection to ground sets the off time of the device.

CMP

Error Amplifier output and compensation point. The voltage at this output programs the output cur-
rent control level between the SENSE pins.

PWRGD

Power Good. An open drain signal indicates that the output voltage is within a

5% regulation band.

Supply Voltage to ADP3155.

DRIVE2

Gate Drive for the (bottom) synchronous rectifier N-channel MOSFET. The voltage at DRIVE2
swings from ground to V

DRIVE1

Gate Drive for the buck switch N-channel MOSFET. The voltage at DRIVE1 swings from ground to
V

PGND

Power Ground. The drivers turn off the buck and synchronous MOSFETs by discharging their gate
capacitances to this pin. PGND should have a low impedance path to the source of the synchronous
MOSFET.

PIN CONFIGURATION

TOP VIEW

(Not to Scale)

ADP3155

SENSE+

SENSE

LDO1

VID2

VID3

VID4

FB1

AGND

CMP

LDO2

PGND

DRIVE1

DRIVE2

FB2

PWRGD

VID1

VID0

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*

Input Supply Voltage (V

) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to +16 V

Shutdown Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to +16 V
Operating Ambient Temperature Range . . . . . 0

C to +70

Junction Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

C to +150

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

C/W

Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

C to +150

Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . +300

*This is a stress rating only; operation beyond these limits can cause the device to

be permanently damaged.

ORDERING GUIDE

Temperature

Package

Model

Range

Description

Option

ADP3155JRU

C to +70

Thin Shrink Small RU-20
Outline (TSSOP)

CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the ADP3155 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

WARNING!

ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE

REV. A

ADP3155

SYSTEM

R1
150k

R2
39k

200pF

22 F

1 F

10BQ015

1 F

ESR = 25m

EACH

2200 F 3

1 H

1.7 H

SENSE

ESR = 25m

EACH

2200 F

2V
019A

RTN

220

100k

+5V

+5V RTN

+12V RTN

COMP

2nF

1000 F

IRF3103

1nF

R4
5k

RTN

220

+12V

470pF

R3
20k

LDO1

+1.5V

+1.8V

Q4
IRLR3703

1000 F

R6
21.7k

R5
20k

1 F

INLDO2

+3.3V

LDO2

+2.5V

02A
RTN

Q1
IRL3803

IRL3803

470pF

1 F

ADP3155

SENSE+

SENSE

LDO1

VID2

VID3

VID4

FB1

AGND

VID1

CMP

LDO2

PGND

DRIVE1

DRIVE2

FB2

PWRGD

VID0

Figure 2. Typical VRM8.2/8.3/8.4 Compliant Core DC/DC Converter Circuit

NONOVERLAP

DRIVE

CROWBAR

DRIVE1 DRIVE2 PGND

REF

+ 15%

AGND

PWRGD

SENSE+

DELAY

REF

+ 5% V

REF

 5%

SENSE

ADP3155

CMPI

DAC

CMP

1.20V

VID0

VID1

VID2

VID3

VID4

REF

CMPT

SENSE

REFERENCE

OFF-TIME

CONTROL

LDO1

FB1

OFF

LDO2

FB2

Figure 3. Functional Block Diagram

REV. A

ADP3155

OUTPUT CURRENT Amps

EFFICIENCY %

100

1.4

2.8

4.2

5.6

9.8 11.2 12.6

8.4

OUT

= 2.0V

OUT

= 2.8V

OUT

= 3.5V

SEE FIGURE 2

OUT

= 1.3V

Figure 4. Efficiency vs. Output
Current

OUT

= 10A

500ns/DIV

PRIMARY

N-DRIVE

DRIVER OUTPUT

SECONDARY

N-DRIVE

DRIVER OUTPUT

DRIVE 1 AND 2 = 5V/DIV

SEE FIGURE 2

Figure 7. Gate Switching Waveforms

OUTPUT CURRENT
1A TO 19A

OUTPUT VOLTAGE
20mV/DIV

10 s/DIV

Figure 10. Transient Response,
1 A19 A of Figure 2 Circuit

TIMING CAPACITOR pF

100

800

200

300

400

500

600

700

FREQUENCY kHz

450

400

200

150

100

350

250

300

Figure 5. Frequency vs. Timing
Capacitor

100ns/DIV

SEE FIGURE 2

= +12V

= +5V

OUT

= 10A

Figure 8. Driver Transition
Waveforms

10ms/DIV

REGULATOR

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

1V/DIV

VOLTAGE

5V/DIV

Figure 11. Power-On Start-Up
Waveform

OPERATING FREQUENCY kHz

397

134

SUPPLY CURRENT mA

GATE(TOTAL)

= 100nC

Figure 6. Supply Current vs.
Operating Frequency

10 s/DIV

OUTPUT CURRENT
19A TO 1A

OUTPUT VOLTAGE
20mV/DIV

Figure 9. Transient Response,
19 A1 A of Figure 2 Circuit

OUTPUT ACCURACY %

NUMBER OF PARTS

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

= +25 C

SEE FIGURE 13

Figure 12. Output Accuracy
Distribution, V

OUT

= 2.0 V

Typical Performance Characteristics

REV. A

ADP3155

DRIVE1

SENSE+

SENSE

DRIVE2

PGND

AGND

CMP

12V

1 F

4700pF

0.1 F

OUT

1.2V

100k

0.1 F

ADP3155

OP27

VID0
VID4

5-BIT CODE

Figure 13. Closed-Loop Test Circuit for Accuracy

THEORY OF OPERATION

The ADP3155 uses a current-mode, constant-off-time control
technique to switch a pair of external N-channel MOSFETs in
a synchronous buck topology. Constant off-time operation
offers several performance advantages, including that no slope
compensation is required for stable operation. A unique feature
of the constant-off-time control technique is that since the off-
time is fixed, the converter's switching frequency is a function
of the ratio of input voltage to output voltage. The fixed off-
time is programmed by the value of an external capacitor con-
nected to the C

pin. The on-time varies in such a way that a

regulated output voltage is maintained as described below in the
cycle-by-cycle operation. Under fixed operating conditions the
on-time does not vary, and it varies only slightly as a function of
load. This means that switching frequency is fairly constant in
standard VRM applications. In order to maintain a ripple cur-
rent in the inductor that is independent of the output voltage
(which also helps control losses and simplify the inductor de-
sign), the off-time is made proportional to the value of the out-
put voltage. Normally, the output voltage is constant and,
therefore, the off-time is constant as well.

Active Voltage Positioning

The output voltage is sensed at the SENSE pin. A voltage-
error amplifier, (g

), amplifies the difference between the output

voltage and a programmable reference voltage. The reference
voltage is programmed to between 1.3 V and 3.5 V by an inter-
nal 5-bit DAC, which reads the code at the voltage identifica-
tion (VID) pins. (Refer to Table I for output voltage vs. VID pin
code information.) A unique supplemental regulation technique
called active voltage positioning with optimal compensation
adjusts the output voltage as a function of the load current so
that it is always optimally positioned for a load transient. Stan-
dard (passive) voltage positioning, sometimes recommended for
use with other architectures, has poor dynamic performance
which renders it ineffective under the stringent repetitive tran-
sient conditions specified in Intel VRM documents. Conse-
quently, such techniques do not allow the minimum possible
number of output capacitors to be used. Optimally compen-
sated active voltage positioning as used in the ADP3155 pro-
vides a bandwidth for transient response that is limited only by
parasitic output inductance. This yields optimal load transient
response with the minimum number of output capacitors.

Table I. Output Voltage vs. VID Code

VID4

VID3

VID2

VID1

VID0

OUT

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.55

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

1.90

1.95

2.00

2.05

No CPUShutdown

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

3.30

3.40

3.50

Cycle-by-Cycle Operation

During normal operation (when the output voltage is regulated),
the voltage-error amplifier and the current comparator (CMPI)
are the main control elements. (See the block diagram of Figure
3.) During the on-time of the high side MOSFET, CMPI moni-
tors the voltage between the SENSE+ and SENSE pins. When
the voltage level between the two pins reaches the threshold level
V

, the high side drive output is switched to ground, which

turns off the high side MOSFET. The timing capacitor C

then discharged at a rate determined by the off-time controller.
While the timing capacitor is discharging, the low side drive
output goes high, turning on the low side MOSFET. When the
voltage level on the timing capacitor has discharged to the thresh-
old voltage level V

, comparator CMPT resets the SR flip-flop.

The output of the flip-flop forces the low side drive output to go
low and the high side drive output to go high. As a result, the low
side switch is turned off and the high side switch is turned on.
The sequence is then repeated. As the load current increases, the
output voltage starts to decrease. This causes an increase in the
output of the voltage-error amplifier, which, in turn, leads to an
increase in the current comparator threshold V

, thus tracking

the load current. To prevent cross conduction of the external
MOSFETs, feedback is incorporated to sense the state of the driver
output pins. Before the low side drive output can go high, the
high side drive output must be low. Likewise, the high side drive
output is unable to go high while the low side drive output is high.

REV. A

ADP3155

Power Good

The ADP3155 has an internal monitor that senses the output
voltage and drives the PWRGD pin of the device. This pin is an
open drain output whose high level (when connected to a pull-
up resistor) indicates that the output voltage has been within a

5% regulation band of the targeted value for more than 500

The PWRGD pin will go low if the output is outside the regula-
tion band for more than 500

Output Crowbar

An added feature of using an N-channel MOSFET as the syn-
chronous switch is the ability to crowbar the output with the
same MOSFET. If the output voltage is 15% greater than the
targeted value, the ADP3155 will turn on the lower MOSFET,
which will current-limit the source power supply or blow its
fuse, pull down the output voltage, and thus save the micropro-
cessor from destruction. The crowbar function releases at ap-
proximately 50% of the nominal output voltage. For example, if
the output is programmed to 2.0 V, but is pulled up to 2.3 V or
above, the crowbar will turn on the lower MOSFET. If in this
case the output is pulled down to less than 1.0 V, the crowbar
will release, allowing the output voltage to recover to 2.0 V if
the fault condition has been removed.

Shutdown

The ADP3155 has a shutdown (SD) pin that is pulled down by
an internal resistor. In this condition the device functions nor-
mally. This pin should be pulled high to disable the output drives.

APPLICATION INFORMATION

A number of power conversion requirements must be consid-
ered when designing an ACPI compliant system. In normal
operating mode, 12 V, 5 V and 3.3 V are available from the
main supply. These voltages need to be converted into the
appropriate supply voltages for the Northbridge core, the
Southbridge core and RAMBUS memory, as well as supplies for
GTL and I/O drivers, CMOS memory and clock and graphics
(AGP) circuits.

During the standby operating state, the 12 V, 5 V and 3.3 V
power supply outputs are disabled, and only a low power 5 V
rail (5VSB) is available. The circuits that must remain active in
standby must be able to run from 5VSB. To accomplish this,
power routing is required to allow switching between normal
and standby supplies. Lack of a 12 V rail in standby makes control
of linear outputs difficult, and with up to 8 A demand from the
1.5 V and 1.8 V rails, an all-linear solution is inefficient.

Figure 14 shows a typical ACPI-compliant Pentium III/chipset
power management system using the ADP3155 and ADP3156.
The ADP3155 provides VID switched output and two linear
regulators for standby operation. A charge-pump-doubled 5VSB is
ORed into the supply rail to supply the linear regulators during
standby operation. The VID output collapses when the main
5 V rail collapses, but the N-channel MOSFET linear regu-
lators can continue to supply current from the ~9 V supply.
The ADP3156 provides 1.8 V via its main switching regulator,
and allows efficient linear regulation of 1.5 V rail by using the
1.8 V output as its source.

Specifications for a Design Example

The design parameters for a typical 300 MHz Pentium II appli-
cation (Figure 2) are as follows:

Input Voltage: V

= 5 V

Auxiliary Input: V

= 12 V

Output Voltage: V

= 2.8 V

Maximum Output Current:

OMAX

= 14.2 A dc

Minimum Output Current:

OMIN

= 0.8 A dc

Static tolerance of the supply voltage for the processor core:

OST+

= 100 mV

OST

= 60 mV

5V_PM

POWER

MANAGEMENT

FUNCTIONS

12V

POWER MANAGEMENT

STATE COMMAND

5V_PM

ATX_POWER GOOD

PMSC

5V_PM

ATXPG

ADP3155

VID_4:0

LIN#2_
CTRLS

LIN#1_
CTRLS

MAIN_

CTRLS

SWITCHER

CTRLS

OUT

LINEAR#1

CTRLS

OUT

LINEAR#2

CTRLS

OUT

5V_PM

CPU
V

CORE

@ VID

3.3V_PM
FOR POWER
MANAGEMENT

2.5V_PM
FOR CMOS,
CLOCK, MEMORY

TRIPLE

OUTPUT

SUPPLY

VID

ADP3156

LIN_

CTRLS

MAIN_

CTRLS

12V

DUAL

OUTPUT

SUPPLY

CTRLS

OUT

SWITCHER

CTRLS

OUT

LINEAR

3.3V_IN

1.5V_IN

VDDQ

POWER ROUTING

SELECT

3.3V

1.8V FOR

SB CORE,

MEM, ETC

1.5V VTT

FOR GTL

1.5V OR 3.3V

VDDQ FOR AGP

TYPEDET# FOR

AGP SELECT

ATX

(OR NLX)

POWER

SUPPLY

12V

3.3V

5V_ALWAYS

ATX_PGOOD

ATX_SHUTDOWN

GND

12V

3.3V

5V_PM

ATX_POWERGOOD

ATX_SHUTDOWN

Figure 14. ACPI-Compliant Pentium III System Block Diagram

REV. A

ADP3155

Transient tolerance (for less than 2

s) of the supply voltage for

the processor core when the load changes between the mini-
mum and maximum values with a di/dt of 30 A/

OTR+

= 130 mV

OTR

= 130 mV

Input current di/dt when the load changes between the mini-
mum and maximum values: less than 0.1 A/

The above requirements correspond to Intel's published power
supply requirements based on VRM 8.2 guidelines.

Selection for Operating Frequency

The ADP3155 uses a constant-off-time architecture with t

OFF

determined by an external timing capacitor C

. Each time the

high side N-channel MOSFET switch turns on, the voltage
across C

is reset to approximately 3.3 V. During the off time,

is discharged by a constant current of 65

A. Once C

reaches 2.3 V, a new on-time cycle is initiated. The value of the
off-time is calculated using the continuous-mode operating
frequency. Assuming a nominal operating frequency of f

NOM

200 kHz at an output voltage of 2.8 V, the corresponding off
time is:

OFF

NOM

2 2

The timing capacitor can be calculated from the equation:

OFF

143

The converter operates at the nominal operating frequency only
at the above specified V

OUT

and at light load. At higher V

OUT

heavy load, the operating frequency decreases due to the para-
sitic voltage drops across the power devices. The actual mini-
mum frequency at V

OUT

= 2.8 V is calculated to be 160 kHz (see

Equation 1), where:

is the input dc current
(assuming an efficiency of 90%, I

= 9 A)

is the resistance of the input filter
(estimated value: 7 m

)

DS(ON)HSF

is the resistance of the high side MOSFET
(estimated value: 10 m

)

DS(ON)LSF

is the resistance of the low side MOSFET
(estimated value: 10 m

)

SENSE

is the resistance of the sense resistor
(estimated value: 7 m

)

is the resistance of the inductor
(estimated value: 6 m

)

kHz

MIN

OFF

OMAX

DS ON HSF

SENSE

OMAX

DS ON HSF

SENSE

DS ON LSF

160

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

(1)

OUT

Selection--Determining the ESR

The required ESR and capacitance drive the selection of the
type and quantity of the output capacitors. The ESR must be
small enough that both the resistive voltage deviation due to a
step change in the load current and the output ripple voltage
stay below the values defined in the specification of the supplied
microprocessor. The capacitance must be large enough that the
output is held up while the inductor current ramps up or down
to the value corresponding to the new load current.

The total static tolerance of the Pentium II processor is 160 mV.
Taking into account the

1% setpoint accuracy of the ADP3155,

and assuming a 0.5% (or 14 mV) peak-to-peak ripple, the allowed
static voltage deviation of the output voltage when the load
changes between the minimum and maximum values is 80 mV.
Assuming a step change of

I = I

OMAX

OMIN

= 13.4 A, and

allocating all of the total allowed static deviation to the contri-
bution of the ESR sets the following limit:

ESR

E MAX

MAX

(

)

13 4

5 9

The output filter capacitor must have an ESR of less than 5.9 m

One can use, for example, six FA-type capacitors from
Panasonic, with 2700

F capacitance, 10 V voltage rating, and

34 m

ESR. The six capacitors have a total ESR of 5.7 m

when

connected in parallel, which gives adequate margin.

Inductor Selection

The minimum inductor value can be calculated from ESR, off-
time, dc output voltage and allowed peak-to-peak ripple voltage.

V t

MIN

O OFF

E MAX

RIPPLE p

2 8

2 2

5 9

2 6

(

)

The minimum inductance gives a peak-to-peak ripple current of
2.15 A, or 15% of the maximum dc output current I

OMAX

The inductor peak current in normal operation is:

LPEAK

= I

OMAX

+ I

RPP

/2 = 15.3 A

The inductor valley current is:

LVALLEY

= I

LPEAK

RPP

= 13 A

The inductor for this application should have an inductance
of 2.6

H at full load current and should not saturate at the

worst-case overload or short circuit current at the maximum
specified ambient temperature. A suitable inductor is the
CTX12-13855 from Coiltronics, which is 4.4

H at 1 A and

about 2.5

H at 14.2 A.

REV. A

ADP3155

Tips for Selecting the Inductor Core

Ferrite designs have very low core loss, so the design should
focus on copper loss and on preventing saturation. Molypermalloy,
or MPP, is a low loss core material for toroids, and it yields the
smallest size inductor, but MPP cores are more expensive than
ferrite cores or the Kool M

cores from Magnetics, Inc. The

lowest cost core is made of powdered iron, for example the #52
material from Micrometals, Inc., but yields the largest size
inductor.

OUT

Selection--Determining the Capacitance

The minimum capacitance of the output capacitor is determined
from the requirement that the output be held up while the in-
ductor current ramps up (or down) to the new value. The mini-
mum capacitance should produce an initial dv/dt that is equal
(but opposite in sign) to the dv/dt obtained by multiplying the
di/dt in the inductor and the ESR of the capacitor:

di dt

MIN

OMAX

OMIN

(

)

(

)

/ .

14 2

0 8

5 9

2 2

4 4

4 5

In the above equation the value of di/dt is calculated as the
smaller voltage across the inductor (i.e., V

OUT

rather than

OUT

) divided by the maximum inductance (4.4

H) of the

Coiltronics CTX12-13855 inductor. The six parallel-connected
2700

F capacitors have a total capacitance of 16,200

F, so the

minimum capacitance requirement is met with ample margin.

SENSE

The value of R

SENSE

is based on the required output current.

The current comparator of the ADP3155 has a threshold range
that extends from 0 mV to 125 mV (minimum). Note that the
full 125 mV range cannot be used for the maximum specified
nominal current, as headroom is needed for current ripple and
transients.

The current comparator threshold sets the peak of the inductor
current yielding a maximum output current, I

OMAX

, which equals

the peak value less half of the peak-to-peak ripple current. Solv-
ing for R

SENSE

allowing a 20% margin for overhead, and using

the minimum current sense threshold of 125 mV yields:

SENSE

= (125 mV)/[1.2(I

OMAX

+ I

RPP

/2)] = 6.8 m

Once R

SENSE

has been chosen, the peak short-circuit current

SC(PK)

can be predicted from the following equation:

SC(PK)

= (145 mV)/R

SENSE

= (145 mV)/(6.7 m

) = 21.5 A

The actual short-circuit current is less than the above calculated
I

SC(PK)

value because the off-time rapidly increases when the

output voltage drops below 1 V. The relationship between the
off-time and the output voltage is:

OFF

360

With a short circuit across the output, the off-time will be about
70

s. During that time the inductor current gradually decays.

The amount of decay depends on the L/R time constant in the
output circuit. With an inductance of 2.5

H and total resis-

tance of 23 m

, the time constant will be 108

s. This yields a

valley current of 11.3 A and an average short-circuit current of
about 16.3 A. To safely carry the short-circuit current, the sense
resistor must have a power rating of at least 16.3 A

6.8 m

1.8 W.

Current Transformer Option

An alternative to using a low value and high power current sense
resistor is to reduce the sensed current by using a low cost cur-
rent transformer and a diode. The current can then be sensed
with a small-size, low cost SMT resistor. Using a transformer
with one primary and 50 secondary turns reduces the worst-case
resistor dissipation to a few mW. Another advantage of using
this option is the separation of the current and voltage sensing,
which makes the voltage sensing more accurate.

Power MOSFETs

Two external N-channel power MOSFETs must be selected for
use with the ADP3155, one for the main switch and an identical
one for the synchronous switch. The main selection parameters
for the power MOSFETs are the threshold voltage V

GS(TH)

and

the on resistance R

DS(ON)

The minimum input voltage dictates whether standard threshold
or logic-level threshold MOSFETs must be used. For V

> 8 V,

standard threshold MOSFETs (V

GS(TH)

< 4 V) may be used. If

is expected to drop below 8 V, logic-level threshold MOSFETs

GS(TH)

< 2.5 V) are strongly recommended. Only logic-level

MOSFETs with V

ratings higher than the absolute maximum

of V

should be used.

The maximum output current I

OMAX

determines the R

DS(ON)

requirement for the two power MOSFETs. When the ADP3155
is operating in continuous mode, the simplifying assumption can
be made that one of the two MOSFETs is always conducting
the average load current. For V

= 5 V and V

OUT

= 2.8 V, the

maximum duty ratio of the high side FET is:

MAXHF

= (1 f

MIN

OFF

) = (1 kHz160 kHz

2.2

s) = 65%

The maximum duty ratio of the low side (synchronous rectifier)
FET is:

MAXLF

= 1 D

MAXHF

= 35%

The maximum rms current of the high side FET is:

RMSHS

= [D

MAXHF

LVALLEY

2 + I

LPEAK

2 + I

LVALLEY

LPEAK

)/3]

0.5

= 13.1 A rms

The maximum rms current of the low side FET is:

RMSLS

= [D

MAXLF

LVALLEY

2 + I

LPEAK

+ I

LVALLEY

LPEAK

)/3]

0.5

= 8.41 A rms

The R

DS(ON)

for each FET can be derived from the allowable

dissipation. If 5% of the maximum output power is allowed for
FET dissipation, the total dissipation will be:

FETALL

= 0.05 V

OMAX

= 2 W

Allocating half of the total dissipation for the high side FET and
half for the low side FET, the required minimum FET resis-
tances will be:

DS(ON)HSF(MIN)

= 1.33 W/(11.5 A)

= 10 m

DS(ON)LSF(MIN)

= 0.67 W/(8.41 A)

= 9.5 m

Note that there is a trade-off between converter efficiency and
cost. Larger FETs reduce the conduction losses and allow
higher efficiency, but increase the system cost. If efficiency is
not a major concern, the International Rectifier IRL3103 is an
economical choice for both the high side and low side positions.
Those devices have an R

DS(ON)

of 14 m

at V

= 10 V and at

+25

C. The low side FET is turned on with at least 10 V. The

REV. A

ADP3155

high side FET, however, is turned on with only 12 V 5 V = 7 V.
Checking the typical output characteristics of the device in the
data sheet shows that for an output current of 10 A, and at a
V

of 7 V, the V

is 0.15 V. This gives an R

DS(ON)

only slightly

above the one specified at a V

of 10 V, so the resistance in-

crease due to the reduced gate drive can be neglected. The
specified R

DS(ON)

at the expected highest FET junction tempera-

ture of +140

C must be modified by an R

DS(ON)

multiplier,

using the graph in the data sheet. In this case:

DS(ON)MULT

= 1.7

Using this multiplier, the expected R

DS(ON)

at +140

C is 1.7

14 m

= 24 m

The high side FET dissipation is:

DFETHS

= I

RMSHS

DS(ON)

+ 0.5 V

LPEAK

MIN

~ 3.72 W

where the second term represents the turn-off loss of the FET.
(In the second term, Q

is the gate charge to be removed from

the gate for turn-off and I

is the gate current. From the data

sheet, Q

is about 50 nC70 nC and the gate drive current

provided by the ADP3155 is about 1 A.)

The low side FET dissipation is:

DFETLS

= I

RMSLS

DS(ON)

= 1.7 W

(Note that there are no switching losses in the low side FET.)

To maintain an acceptable MOSFET junction temperature,
proper heat sinks should be used. The Thermalloy 6030 heat
sink has a thermal impedance of 13

C/W with convection cool-

ing. With this heat sink, the junction-to-ambient thermal imped-
ance of the chosen high side FET

JAHS

will be 13

C/W (heat

sink-to-ambient) + 2

C/W (junction-to-case) + 0.5

C/W (case-

to-heat sink) = 15.5

C/W.

At full load, and at +50

C ambient temperature, the junction

temperature of the high side FET is:

JHSMAX

= T

JAHS

DFETHS

= +105

The same heat sink may be used for the low side FET, e.g., the
Thermalloy type 7141 (

= 20.3

C/W). With this heat sink, the

junction temperature of the low side FET is:

JLSMAX

= T

JALS

DFETLS

= +106

All of the above-calculated junction temperatures are safely
below the +175

C maximum specified junction temperature of

the selected FETs.

The maximum operating junction temperature of the ADP3155
is calculated as follows:

JICMAX

= T

+ P

)

where

is the junction-to-ambient thermal impedance of the

ADP3155 and P

is the drive power. From the data sheet,

is equal to 110

C/W and I

= 2.7 mA. P

can be calculated as

follows:

= (C

RSS

+ C

ISS

MAX

= 307 mW

The result is:

JICMAX

= +86

Selection and Input Current di/dt Reduction

In continuous inductor-current mode, the source current of the
high side MOSFET is a square wave with a duty ratio of V

OUT

. To keep the input ripple voltage at a low value, one or more

capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) and ad-
equate ripple-current rating must be connected across the input
terminals. The maximum rms current of the input bypass
capacitors is:

CINRMS

= 0.5 I

OMAX

= 7 A rms

For an FA-type capacitor with 2700

F capacitance and

10 V voltage rating, the ESR is 34 m

and the allowed ripple

current at 100 kHz is 1.94 A. At +105

C, at least four such

capacitors must be connected in parallel to handle the calculated
ripple current. At +50

C ambient, however, a higher ripple

current can be tolerated, so three capacitors in parallel are
adequate.

The ripple voltage across the three paralleled capacitors is:

CINRPL

= I

OMAX

[ESR

/3 +D

MAXHF

/(3 C

MIN

)] =

140 mV p-p

To further reduce the effect of the ripple voltage on the system
supply voltage bus and to reduce the input-current di/dt to
below the recommended maximum of 0.1 A/

s, an additional

small inductor (L > 1.7

H @ 10 A) should be inserted between

the converter and the supply bus (see Figure 2).

Feedback Loop Compensation Design for Active Voltage
Positioning

Optimized compensation of the ADP3155 allows the best pos-
sible containment of the peak-to-peak output voltage deviation.
Any practical switching power converter is inherently limited by
the inductor in its output current slew rate to a value much less
than the slew rate of the load. Therefore, any sudden change of
load current will initially flow through the output capacitors,
and this will produce an output voltage deviation equal to the
ESR of the output capacitor array times the load current change.

To correctly implement active voltage positioning, the low fre-
quency output impedance (i.e., the output resistance) of the
converter should be made equal to the maximum ESR of the
output capacitor array. This can be achieved by having a single
pole roll-off of the voltage gain of the g

error amplifier, where

the pole frequency coincides with the ESR zero of the output
capacitor. A gain with single pole roll-off requires that the g

amplifier output pin be terminated by the parallel combination
of a resistor and capacitor. The required resistor value can be
calculated from the equation:

TOTAL

275

where:

TOTAL

OMAX

16 4

and where the quantities 16.4 k

and 275 k

are characteristic

of the ADP3155 and the value of the current sense resistor, R

has already been determined as above.

Although a single termination resistor equal to R

would yield

the proper voltage positioning gain, the dc biasing of that resis-
tor would determine how the regulation band is centered (i.e.,
offset). Note that sometimes the specified regulation band is
asymmetrical with respect to the nominal VID voltage. With the
ADP3155, the offset is already considered part of the design
procedure--no special provision is required. To accomplish the

REV. A

ADP3155

dc biasing, it is simplest to use two resistors to terminate the g

amplifier output, with the lower resistor tied to ground and the
upper resistor to the 12 V supply of the IC. The values of these
resistors can be calculated using:

UPPER

DIV

and:

LOWER

DIV

where V

DIV

is the resistor divider supply voltage (e.g., the rec-

ommended 12 V), and V

is the offset voltage required on the

amplifier to produce the desired offset at the output. V

calculated using Equation 2, where V

OUT(OS)

is the offset from

the nominal VID-programmed value to the center of the speci-
fied regulation window for the output voltage. (Note this may be
either positive or negative.) For clarification, that offset is given
by:

VID

OUT OS

(

)

(

)

where V

and V

are the respective upper and lower limits

allowed for regulation.

Finally, the compensating capacitance is determined from the
equality of the pole frequency of the error amplifier gain and the
zero frequency of the impedance of the output capacitor:

ESR

COMP

TOTAL

Trade-Offs Between DC Load Regulation and AC Load
Regulation

Casual observation of the circuit operation--e.g., with a voltmeter
--would make it appear that the dc load regulation appears
to be rather poor compared to a conventional regulator. This
would be especially noticeable under very light or very heavy
loads where the voltage is "positioned" near one of the extremes
of the regulation window rather than near the nominal center
value. It must be noted and understood that this low gain char-
acteristic (i.e., loose dc load regulation) is inherently required to
allow improved transient containment (i.e., to achieve tighter ac
load regulation). That is, the dc load regulation is intentionally
sacrificed (but kept within specification) in order to minimize
the number of capacitors required to contain the load transients
produced by the CPU.

Linear Regulators

The two ADP3155 linear regulators provide a low cost, conve-
nient and versatile solution for generating additional lower sup-
ply rails that can be programmed in the range 1.2 V5 V. The
maximum output load current is determined by the size and
thermal impedance of the external N-channel power MOSFET
that is placed in series with the supply and controlled by the

ADP3155. The output voltage, V

OLDO1, 2

in Figure 14, is sensed

at the FB pin of the ADP3155 and compared to an internal
1.2 V reference in a negative feedback loop which keeps the
output voltage in regulation. If the load is being reduced or
increased, the FET drive will also be reduced or increased by the
ADP3155 to provide a well regulated

1% accurate output

voltage. The output voltage is programmed by adjusting the
value of the external resistor R

PROG

, shown in Figure 15.

Efficiency of the Linear Regulators

The efficiency and corresponding power dissipation of each of
the linear regulators are not determined by the ADP3155.
Rather, these are a function of input and output voltage and
load current. Efficiency is approximated by the formula:

= 100%

OUT

)

The corresponding power dissipation in the MOSFET, together
with any resistance added in series from input to output is given
by:

LDO

= (V

IN(LDO)

OUT(LDO)

)

OUT(LDO)

Minimum power dissipation and maximum efficiency are ac-
complished by choosing the lowest available input voltage that
exceeds the desired output voltage. However, if the chosen
input source is itself generated by a linear regulator, its power
dissipation will be increased in proportion to the additional
current it must now provide. For most PC systems, the lowest
available input source for the linear regulators, which is not
itself generated by a linear regulator, is 3.3 V from the main
power supply.

Assuming that the 3.3 V supply is used to provide input power
for a 1.5 V linear regulator output, the efficiency will inherently
be 1.5 V 3.3 V, which is less than 50%. The total current
demand in all of the low voltage power rails (e.g., 1.5 V, 1.8 V
and 2.5 V) can produce unacceptable dissipation and junction
temperatures in the linear regulators. For such systems, Analog
Devices recommends the ADP3156--a switching regulator that
generates one of the lower voltage outputs (e.g., 1.8 V), which can
also be used as a power source to the lower voltage outputs
(e.g., 1.5 V). This results is a highly efficient and reliable power
conversion system that can readily handle the combined loading
specifications for the lower system voltages, with room to spare
for the higher current demands and lower voltages of next gen-
eration PC systems.

Features

· Tight DC Regulation Due to 1% Reference and High Gain
· Output Voltage Stays Within Specified Limits at Load

Current Step with 30 A/

s Slope

· Fast Response to Input Voltage or Load Current Transients

Overcurrent protection may be provided by the addition of an
external NPN transistor and an external resistor R

. The design

specification and procedure is given below.

R I

TOTAL

OUT OS

TOTAL

CS OMAX

0 8

1 36

1 7

275

(

)

(2)

REV. A

ADP3155

Linear Regulator Design Example

Maximum Ambient Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . T

= +50

Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

= 5 V

Output Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

= 3.3 V

Maximum Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

O2MAX

= 0.5 A

Maximum Output Load Transient Allowed . . . V

TR2

= 0.036 V

Chosen MOSFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IRLR2703
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Impedance (MOSFET)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

C/W

Uses 1-inch square PCB cu-foil as heat sink.

The output voltage may be programmed by the R

PROG

resistor

as follows:

PROG

1 2

3 3

1 2

The current sense resistor may be calculated as follows:

O MAX

0 54

0 5

1 1

The power rating is:

= R

O2MAX

1.1)

= 0.33 W

Use a 0.5 W resistor.

The maximum FET junction temperature at shorted output is:

FETMAX

= T

(

O2MAX

1.1) =

+50

C + (40

C/W

5 V

0.5 A

1.1) = +160

which is within the maximum allowed by the FET's data sheet.

The maximum FET junction temperature at nominal output is:

FETMAX

= T

+ (

 V

)

O2MAX

)

+50

C + (40

C/W

(5 V  3.3 V )

0.5 A) = +84

The output filter capacitor maximum allowed ESR is:

ESR ~ V

TR2

OMAX

= 0.036 V/0.5 A = 0.072

This requirement is met using a 1000

F/10 V LXV series

capacitor from United Chemicon. For applications requiring
higher output current, a heat sink and/or a larger MOSFET
should be used to reduce the MOSFET's junction-to-ambient
thermal impedance.

1.1

470pF

2N2222

1000 F/10V

OLDO1, 2

LDO1, 2

ADP3155

FB1, 2

20k

PROG

35k

Figure 15. Linear Regulator with Overcurrent Protection

LAYOUT AND COMPONENT PLACEMENT GUIDELINES

The following guidelines are recommended for optimal perfor-
mance of a switching regulator in a PC system:

General Recommendations

For best results, a four-layer (minimum) PCB is recom-
mended. This should allow the needed versatility for con-
trol circuitry interconnections with optimal placement, a
signal ground plane, power planes for both power ground
and the input power (e.g., 5 V), and wide interconnection
traces in the rest of the power delivery current paths. Each
square unit of 1 ounce copper trace has a resistance of
~0.53 m

at room temperature.

Whenever high currents must be routed between PCB
layers, vias should be used liberally to create several parallel
current paths so that the resistance and inductance intro-
duced by these current paths is minimized and the via cur-
rent rating is not exceeded.

The power and ground planes should overlap each other as
little as possible. It is generally easiest (although not neces-
sary) to have the power and signal ground planes on the
same PCB layer. The planes should be connected nearest
to the first input capacitor where the input ground current
flows from the converter back to the power source (e.g.,
5 V).

If critical signal lines (including the voltage and current
sense lines of the ADP3155) must cross through power
circuitry, it is best if a signal ground plane can be inter-
posed between those signal lines and the traces of the
power circuitry. This serves as a shield to minimize noise
injection into the signals at the expense of making signal
ground a bit noisier.

The PGND pin of the ADP3155 should connect first to a
ceramic bypass capacitor (on the V

pin) and then into the

power ground plane using the shortest possible trace. How-
ever, the power ground plane should not extend under
other signal components, including the ADP3155 itself. If
necessary, follow the preceding guideline to use the signal
plane as a shield between the power ground plane and the
signal circuitry.

The AGND pin of the ADP3155 should connect first to the
timing capacitor (on the C

pin), and then into the signal

ground plane. In cases where no signal ground plane can be
used, short interconnections to other signal ground cir-
cuitry in the power converter should be used--the compen-
sation capacitor being the next most critical.

The output capacitors of the power converter should be
connected to the signal ground plane even though power
current flows in the ground of these capacitors. For this
reason, it is advised to avoid critical ground connections (e.g.,
the signal circuitry of the power converter) in the signal
ground plane between the input and output capacitors. It is
also advised to keep the planar interconnection path short
(i.e., have input and output capacitors close together).

REV. A

ADP3155

The output capacitors should also be connected as closely
as possible to the load (or connector) that receives the
power (e.g., a microprocessor core). If the load is distrib-
uted, the capacitors also should be distributed, and gen-
erally in proportion to where the load tends to be more
dynamic.

Absolutely avoid crossing any signal lines over the switching
power path loop, described below.

Power Circuitry

10. The switching power path should be routed on the PCB to

encompass the smallest possible area in order to minimize
radiated switching noise energy (i.e., EMI). Failure to take
proper precaution often results in EMI problems for the
entire PC system as well as noise-related operational prob-
lems in the power converter control circuitry. The switching
power path is the loop formed by the current path through
the input capacitors, the two FETs and the power Schottky
diode, if used, including all interconnecting PCB traces and
planes. The use of short and wide interconnection traces is
especially critical in this path for two reasons: it minimizes
the inductance in the switching loop, which can cause high-
energy ringing, and it accommodates the high current de-
mand with minimal voltage loss.

11. A power Schottky diode (1 ~ 2 A dc rating) placed from the

lower FET's source (anode) to drain (cathode) will help to
minimize switching power dissipation in the upper FET. In
the absence of an effective Schottky diode, this dissipation
occurs through the following sequence of switching events.
The lower FET turns off in advance of the upper FET
turning on (necessary to prevent cross-conduction). The
circulating current in the power converter, no longer find-
ing a path for current through the channel of the lower
FET, draws current through the inherent body-drain diode
of the FET. The upper FET turns on, and the reverse
recovery characteristic of the lower FET's body-drain diode
prevents the drain voltage from being pulled high quickly.
The upper FET then conducts very large current while it
momentarily has a high voltage forced across it, which
translates into added power dissipation in the upper FET.
The Schottky diode minimizes this problem by carrying a
majority of the circulating current when the lower FET is
turned off, and by virtue of its essentially nonexistent re-
verse recovery time.

12. A small ferrite bead inductor placed in series with the drain

of the lower FET can also help to reduce this previously
described source of switching power loss.

13. Whenever a power dissipating component (e.g., a power

MOSFET) is soldered to a PCB, the liberal use of vias,
both directly on the mounting pad and immediately sur-
rounding it, is recommended. Two important reasons for
this are: improved current rating through the vias (if it is a
current path), and improved thermal performance--espe-
cially if the vias extended to the opposite side of the PCB
where a plane can more readily transfer the heat to the air.

14. The output power path, though not as critical as the switch-

ing power path, should also be routed to encompass a small
area. The output power path is formed by the current path
through the inductor, the current sensing resistor, the out-
put capacitors, and back to the input capacitors.

15. For best EMI containment, the power ground plane should

extend fully under all the power components except the
output capacitors. These are: the input capacitors, the
power MOSFETs and Schottky diode, the inductor, the
current sense resistor and any snubbing elements that
might be added to dampen ringing. Avoid extending the
power ground under any other circuitry or signal lines,
including the voltage and current sense lines.

Signal Circuitry

16. The output voltage is sensed and regulated between the

AGND pin (which connects to the signal ground plane)
and the SENSE pin. The output current is sensed (as a
voltage) and regulated between the SENSE pin and the
SENSE+ pin. In order to avoid differential mode noise
pickup in those sensed signals, their loop areas should be
small. Thus the SENSE trace should be routed atop the
signal ground plane, and the SENSE+ and SENSE traces
should be routed as a closely coupled pair (SENSE+ should
be over the signal ground plane as well).

17. The SENSE+ and SENSE traces should be Kelvin con-

nected to the current sense resistor so that the additional
voltage drop due to current flow on the PCB at the current
sense resistor connections does not affect the sensed volt-
age. It is desirable to have the ADP3155 close to the output
capacitor bank and not in the output power path, so that
any voltage drop between the output capacitors and the
AGND pin is minimized, and voltage regulation is not
compromised.

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