REV. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
a
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 617/329-4700
World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com
Fax: 617/326-8703
Analog Devices, Inc., 1996
Microprocessor
Supervisory Circuits
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
BATTERY
SWITCHOVER
RESET
GENERATOR
WATCHDOG
TRANSITION DETECTOR
(1.6s)
4.65V*
1.25V
*4.4V FOR ADM692A/ADM802M/ADM805M
ADM690A
ADM692A
ADM802L
ADM802M
ADM805L
ADM805M
POWER FAIL
OUTPUT (PFO)
RESET
V
OUT
V
BATT
V
CC
WATCHDOG
INPUT (WDI)
POWER FAIL
INPUT (PFI)
(RESET)
( ) = ADM805L/M ONLY
FEATURES
Precision Supply Voltage Monitor
4.65 V ADM690A/ADM802L/ADM805L
4.40 V ADM692A/ADM802M/ADM805M
Reset Assertion Down to 1 V V
CC
Reset Timeout--200 ms
Watchdog Timer--1.6 s
100 A Quiescent Supply Current
Automatic Battery Backup Power Switching
Voltage Monitor for Power Fail
2% Power Fail Accuracy on ADM802L/M
Space-Saving MicroSOIC Package (ADM690A)
APPLICATIONS
Microprocessor Systems
Computers
Controllers
Intelligent Instruments
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
family of supervisory circuits offers complete single chip
solutions for power supply monitoring and battery control
functions in microprocessor systems. These functions include
P reset, backup battery switchover, watchdog timer, and power
failure warning.
The ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M are
available in 8-pin packages and provide:
1. Power-on reset output during power-up, power-down and
brownout conditions. The RESET output remains opera-
tional with V
CC
as low as 1 V.
2. Battery backup switching for CMOS RAM, CMOS
microprocessor or other low power devices.
3. A reset pulse if the optional watchdog timer has not been
toggled within 1.6 seconds.
4. A 1.25 V threshold detector for power fail warning, low battery
detection, or to monitor a power supply other than +5 V.
On the ADM690A/ADM802L/ADM805L the reset voltage
threshold is 4.65 V. On the ADM692A/ADM802M/
ADM805M, the reset voltage threshold is 4.40 V.
The ADM802L/ADM802M guarantee power fail accuracies to
2%.
The ADM805L/M provides an active high reset output, RESET
instead of RESET.
The family of products is fabricated using an advanced epitaxial
CMOS process combining low power consumption and high
reliability. RESET assertion is guaranteed with V
CC
as low as 1 V.
They provide a pin-compatible upgrade for the MAX690A/
MAX692A/MAX802L/MAX802M/MAX805L
All parts are available in 8-pin DIP and SOIC packages. The
ADM690A is also available in a new space-saving microSOIC
package.
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/MSPECIFICATIONS
2
REV. 0
(V
CC
= 4.75 V to 5.5 V (ADM690A/ADM802L/ADM805L), V
CC
= 4.5 V to 5.5 V, (ADM692A/ADM802M/ADM805M), V
BATT
= +2.8 V, T
A
= T
MIN
to T
MAX
unless otherwise noted)
Parameter
Min
Typ
Max
Units
Test Conditions/Comments
V
CC
/V
BATT
OPERATION
1
V
CC
Operating Voltage Range
1.0
5.5
V
Supply Current (Excludes I
OUT
)
70
100
A
Supply Current in Battery Backup Mode
0.05
1.0
A
V
CC
= 0 V, V
BATT
= 2.8 V
Battery Standby Current
5.5 V > V
CC
> V
BATT
+ 0.2 V
(+ = Discharge, = Charge)
0.1
+0.02
A
V
OUT
Output Voltage
V
CC
0.02
V
CC
0.01
V
I
OUT
= 5 mA
V
CC
0.5
V
CC
0.05
V
I
OUT
= 50 mA
V
CC
0.02
V
I
OUT
= 250 mA
V
OUT
in Battery Backup Mode
V
BATT
0.05
V
BATT
0.002
V
I
OUT
= 250
A, V
CC
< V
BATT
0.2 V
Battery Switchover Threshold
20
mV
Power Up
20
mV
Power Down
Battery Switchover Hysteresis
40
mV
RESET THRESHOLD
Reset Voltage Threshold
ADM690A, ADM802L, ADM805L
4.5
4.65
4.75
V
ADM692A, ADM802M, ADM805M
4.25
4.4
4.5
V
ADM802L
4.55
4.7
V
T
A
= 25
C, V
CC
Falling
ADM802M
4.30
4.45
V
T
A
= 25
C, V
CC
Falling
Reset Threshold Hysteresis
40
mV
Reset Timeout Delay
140
200
280
ms
RESET
Output Voltage
V
CC
1.5
V
I
SOURCE
= 800
A
0.4
V
I
SINK
= 3.2 mA
0.3
V
I
SINK
= 100
A, V
CC
= 1 V
RESET Output Voltage
0.8
V
I
SOURCE
= 4
A, V
CC
= 1.1 V
V
CC
1.5
V
ADM805L/M, I
SOURCE
= 800
A
0.4
V
ADM805L/M, I
SINK
= 3.2 mA
WATCHDOG TIMER
Watchdog Timeout Period
1.0
1.6
2.25
s
WDI Input Pulse Width
50
ns
V
IL
= 0.4, V
IH
= 0.8 (V
CC
)
WDI Input Threshold
Logic Low
0.8
V
Logic High
3.5
V
WDI Input Current
10
A
WDI = V
CC
10
A
WDI = 0 V
POWER FAIL DETECTOR
PFI Input Threshold
1.20
1.25
1.30
V
ADM690A, ADM692A, ADM805L/M
1.225
1.25
1.275
V
ADM802L/M
PFI Input Current
25
0.01
+25
nA
PFO
Output Voltage
V
CC
1.5
V
I
SOURCE
= 800
A
0.4
V
I
SINK
= 3.2 mA
NOTES
1
Either V
CC
or V
BATT
can be 0 V if the other > +2.0 V.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
3
REV. 0
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*
(T
A
= +25
C unless otherwise noted)
V
CC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to +6 V
V
BATT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to +6 V
All Other Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 V to V
CC
+ 0.3 V
Input Current
V
CC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 mA
V
BATT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mA
GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 mA
Digital Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 mA
Power Dissipation, N-8 DIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 mW
JA
Thermal Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
C/W
Power Dissipation, SO-8 SOIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 mW
JA
Thermal Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
C/W
Operating Temperature Range
Industrial (A Version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
C to +85
C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . +300
C
Vapor Phase (60 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +215
C
Infrared (15 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +220
C
Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
C to +150
C
ESD Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4 kV
*Stresses above those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause
permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those listed in the
operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum ratings for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.
ORDERING GUIDE
Temperature
Package
Model
Range
Option
ADM690AAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM690AARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
ADM690AARM
40
C to +85
C
RM-8
ADM692AAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM692AARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
ADM802LAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM802LARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
ADM802MAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM802MARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
ADM805LAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM805LARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
ADM805MAN
40
C to +85
C
N-8
ADM805MARN
40
C to +85
C
SO-8
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
Mnemonic
Function
V
CC
Power Supply Input: +5 V Nominal.
V
BATT
Backup Battery Input. As V
CC
falls below the reset threshold and below V
BATT
by 20 mV, V
BATT
will be switched
to V
OUT
. On power-up as V
CC
rises to 20 mV above V
BATT
, V
OUT
will be switched back to V
CC
.
V
OUT
Output Voltage. When V
CC
is above the reset threshold, V
OUT
is connected to V
CC
through an on chip switch.
When V
CC
is below the reset threshold, the higher of V
CC
or V
BATT
is connected to V
OUT
.
GND
0 V. Ground reference for all signals.
PFI
Power Fail Comparator Input. If PFI is less than 1.25 V, the power fail output PFO goes low. If unused, PFI
should be connected to V
CC
or GND.
PFO
Power Fail Comparator Output. If PFI is less than 1.25 V, the power fail output PFO goes low.
RESET
Logic Output. RESET goes low if
1. V
CC
falls below the Reset Threshold
2. The watchdog timer is not serviced within its timeout period (1.6 seconds)
The reset threshold is typically 4.65 V for the ADM690A/ADM802L/ADM805L and 4.4 V for the ADM692A/
ADM802M/ADM805M. RESET remains low for 200 ms after V
CC
returns above the threshold. RESET also
goes low for 200 ms if the watchdog timer is enabled but not serviced within its timeout period.
RESET
Active high RESET output (ADM805L/M only). This is the inverse of RESET. The asserted (high) level is V
CC
or V
BATT
whichever is higher.
WDI
Watchdog Input. WDI is a three level input. If WDI remains either high or low for longer than 1.6 s, (RESET)
(RESET) is activated. The timer resets with each transition on the WDI line. The watchdog timer may be
disabled if WDI is left floating or is connected to a high impedance three stated logic output.
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
ADM690A
ADM692A
ADM802L
ADM802M
ADM805L
ADM805M
PFO
WDI
RESET (RESET)
V
BATT
V
OUT
V
CC
GND
PFI
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
4
REV. 0
Typical Performance Curves
I
OUT
mA
V
OUT
V
3
2.75
2
10
70
20
30
40
50
60
2.5
2.25
R
OUT
= 9.3
Figure 1. Output Voltage vs. Load Current in Battery
Backup
10
0%
100
90
2s
200mV
PFO
1.3V
PFI
1.2V
Figure 2. Power Fail Comparator Response Time L H
10
0%
100
90
10s
1V
5V
V
CC
RESET
4V
T
A
= +25 C
Figure 3. ADM690A RESET Response Time
I
OUT
mA
V
OUT
V
5.00
4.92
4.84
20
200
50
100
150
4.9
4.88
4.86
4.98
4.96
4.88
R
OUT
= 0.53
Figure 4. Output Voltage vs. Load Current in Normal
Operation
10
0%
100
90
2s
200mV
T
A
= +25 C
5V
PFO
1.3V
PFI
0V
1.2V
Figure 5. Power Fail Comparator Response Time H L
10
0%
100
90
400ms
1V
Figure 6. RESET Output Voltage vs. V
CC
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
5
REV. 0
BATTERY
SWITCHOVER
RESET
GENERATOR
WATCHDOG
TRANSITION DETECTOR
(1.6s)
4.65V*
1.25V
*4.4V FOR ADM692A/ADM802M/ADM805M
ADM690A
ADM692A
ADM802L
ADM802M
ADM805L
ADM805M
POWER FAIL
OUTPUT (PFO)
RESET
V
OUT
V
BATT
V
CC
WATCHDOG
INPUT (WDI)
POWER FAIL
INPUT (PFI)
(RESET)
( ) = ADM805L/M ONLY
Figure 7. Functional Block Diagram
POWER FAIL RESET, RESET
RESET
is an active low output which provides a RESET signal
to the microprocessor whenever V
CC
is at an invalid level. When
V
CC
falls below the reset threshold, the RESET output is forced
low. The nominal reset voltage threshold is 4.65 V (ADM690A/
ADM802L/ADM805L or 4.4 V ADM692A/ADM802M/
ADM805M.
On power-up RESET will remain low for 200 ms after V
CC
rises
above the reset threshold. This allows time for the power supply
and microprocessor to stabilize. On power-down, the RESET
output remains low with V
CC
as low as 1 V. This ensures that
the microprocessor is held in a stable shutdown condition.
The guaranteed minimum and maximum thresholds are as follows:
ADM690A/ADM802L/ADM805L: 4.5 V and 4.75 V
ADM692A: 4.25 V and 4.5 V.
ADM802L: 4.55 V and 4.7 V
ADM802M: 4.3 V and 4.45 V
The ADM805L and ADM805M contain an active high reset
output. This is the complement of RESET and is intended for
processors requiring an active high RESET signal.
The guaranteed minimum and maximum thresholds for the
ADM805 are:
ADM805L: 4.5 V and 4.75 V
ADM805M: 4.25 V and 4.5 V.
Watchdog Timer RESET, RESET
The watchdog timer circuit monitors the activity of the micro-
processor in order to check that it is not stalled in an indefinite
loop. An output line on the processor is used to toggle the
Watchdog Input (WDI) line. If this line is not toggled within
1.6 seconds, a RESET pulse is generated. The watchdog
timeout period restarts with each transition on the WDI pin. To
ensure that the watchdog timer does not time out, either a
high-to-low or low-to-high transition on the WDI pin must
occur at or less than the minimum timeout period. If WDI
remains permanently either high or low, reset pulses will be
issued after each timeout period (1.6 s). The watchdog monitor
can be deactivated by floating the Watchdog Input (WDI) or by
connecting it to midsupply.
+5V
0V
+5V
0V
+5V
0V
+5V
0V
0V
3.0V
3.0V
t
RS
V
CC
V
OUT
RESET
RESET
PFO
V
BATT
= PFI = 3.0V
Figure 8. Timing Diagram
BATTERY SWITCHOVER SECTION
During normal operation with V
CC
higher than the reset
threshold, V
CC
is internally switched to V
OUT
via an internal
PMOS transistor switch. This switch has a typical on-resistance
of less than 1
and can supply up to 100 mA at the V
OUT
terminal. Once V
CC
falls below the reset threshold, the higher of
V
CC
or V
BATT
is switched to V
OUT
. This means that V
BATT
connects to V
OUT
only when V
CC
is below the reset threshold
and V
BATT
is greater than V
CC
.
V
OUT
is normally used to drive a RAM memory bank which
may require instantaneous currents of greater than 100 mA. If
this is the case, then a bypass capacitor should be connected to
V
OUT
. The capacitor will provide the peak current transients to the
RAM. A capacitance value of 0.1
F or greater may be used.
A 9
MOSFET switch connects the V
BATT
input to V
OUT
during battery backup. This MOSFET has very low input-to-
output differential (dropout voltage) at the low current levels
required for battery backup of CMOS RAM or other low power
CMOS circuitry. The supply current in battery backup is
typically 0.05
A.
Typically 3 V batteries are used as the backup supply. High
value capacitors, either standard electrolytic or the farad size
double layer capacitors, can also be used for short-term memory
back up. A small charging current of typically 10 nA (0.1
A
max) flows out of the V
BATT
terminal. This current is useful for
maintaining rechargeable batteries in a fully charged condition.
This extends the life of the back up battery by compensating for
its self discharge current. Also note that this current poses no
problem when lithium batteries are used for back up since the
maximum charging current (0.1
A) is safe for even the smallest
lithium cells.
If the battery-switchover section is not used, V
BATT
should be
connected to GND and V
OUT
should be connected to V
CC
.
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
6
REV. 0
Table I. Input and Output Status in Battery Backup Mode
Signal
Status
V
OUT
V
OUT
is connected to V
BATT
via an internal
PMOS switch.
RESET
Logic low.
RESET
Logic high (ADM805L, ADM805M). The open
circuit output voltage is equal to V
OUT
.
PFI
The power fail comparator is disabled
PFO
Logic low.
WDI
The watchdog timer is disabled
Power Fail Comparator
The power fail comparator is an independent comparator
that may be used to monitor the input power supply. The
comparator's inverting input is internally connected to a 1.25
V reference voltage. The noninverting input is available at the
PFI input. This input may be used to monitor the input power
supply via a resistive divider network. When the voltage on the
PFI input drops below 1.25 V, the comparator output (PFO)
goes low indicating a power failure. For early warning of power
failure the comparator may be used to monitor the preregulator
input simply by choosing an appropriate resistive divider
network. The PFO output can be used to interrupt the
processor so that a shutdown procedure is implemented before
the power is lost.
1.25V
POWER FAIL
OUTPUT
(PFO)
POWER
FAIL
INPUT
INPUT
POWER
R1
R2
Figure 9. Power Fail Comparator
Adding Hysteresis to the Power Fail Comparator
For increased noise immunity, hysteresis may be added to the
power fail comparator. Since the comparator circuit is non-
inverting, hysteresis can be added simply by connecting a
resistor between the PFO output and the PFI input as shown in
Figure 10. When PFO is low, resistor R3 sinks current from the
summing junction at the PFI pin. When PFO is high, resistor
R3 sources current into the PFI summing junction. This results
in differing trip levels for the comparator. Further noise
immunity may be achieved by connecting a capacitor between
PFI and GND.
1.25V
(PFO)
INPUT
POWER
R1
R2
PFI
R3
TO
P NMI
5V
PFO
0V
0V
V
L
V
H
V
IN
V
H
= 1.25 1+ R1
R2+R3
R2
R3
V
L
= 1.25+R1
1.25
V
CC
1.25
R2
R3
V
MID
= 1.25
R1+R2
R2
Figure 10. Adding Hysteresis to the Power Fail
Comparator
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Figure 11 shows a typical power monitoring, battery backup
application. V
OUT
powers the CMOS RAM. Under normal
operating conditions with V
CC
present, V
OUT
is internally
connected to V
CC
. If a power failure occurs, V
CC
will decay and
V
OUT
will be switched to V
BATT
thereby maintaining power for
the CMOS RAM. A RESET pulse is also generated when V
CC
falls below the reset threshold.
CMOS RAM
POWER
P RESET
P NMI
I/O LINE
P SYSTEM
V
CC
P POWER
V
OUT
RESET
PFO
WDI
GND
V
BATT
PFI
UNREGULATED
DC
R1
R2
+5V
BATTERY
+
Figure 11. Typical Application Circuit
The watchdog timer input (WDI) monitors an I/O line from the
P system. This line must be toggled once every 1.6 seconds to
verify correct software execution. Failure to toggle the line
indicates that the
P system is not correctly executing its
program and may be tied up in an endless loop. If this happens,
a reset pulse is generated to initialize the processor.
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
7
REV. 0
If the watchdog timer is not needed, the WDI input should be
left floating.
The Power Fail Input, PFI, monitors the input power supply via
a resistive divider network. The voltage on the PFI input is
compared with a precision 1.25 V internal reference. If the input
voltage drops below 1.25 V, a power fail output (PFO) signal is
generated. This warns of an impending power failure and may
be used to interrupt the processor so that the system may be
shut down in an orderly fashion. The resistors in the sensing
network are ratioed to give the desired power fail threshold
voltage V
T
.
V
T
= (1.25 R1/R2) + 1.25 V
R1/R2 = (V
T
/1.25) 1
Alternate Watchdog Input Drive Circuits
The watchdog feature can be enabled and disabled under
program control by driving WDI with a 3-state buffer. When
three-stated, the WDI input will float thereby disabling the
watchdog timer.
High Capacity Backup Capacitors
High capacity (0.1
F or greater) capacitors may be used as a
backup power source. A typical application is shown in Fig-
ure 12.
V
CC
V
OUT
RESET
RESET
*
GND
V
BATT
+5V
+
0.1F
TO STATIC RAM
TO P
*
FOR ADM805L/ADM805M ONLY
Figure 12. High Capacity Capacitor
Operation Without a Backup Supply
If a backup power source is not used, V
BATT
should be con-
nected to GND and V
OUT
should be connected to V
CC
.
Replacing the Backup Battery
The backup battery may be replaced without any danger of
spurious resetting when V
CC
is present. Since V
CC
is above the
reset threshold, a reset will not occur even if V
BATT
is floating
while a replacement battery is being inserted. This differs from
older generation products where leakage currents flowing out
V
BATT
could cause spurious resetting during battery replacement.
Ps With Bidirectional RESET
In order to prevent contention for microprocessors with a
bidirectional reset line, a current limiting resistor should be
inserted between the ADM69xA/ADM80xx RESET output pin
and the
P reset pin. This will limit the current to a safe level if
there are conflicting output reset levels. A suitable resistor value
is 4.7 k
. If the reset output is required for other uses, then it
should be buffered as shown in Figure 13.
RESET
P
V
CC
GND
+5V
RESET
GND
ADM690A
ADM692A
ADM802L
ADM802M
BUFFERED
RESET
Figure 13. Bidirectional Reset
ADM690A/ADM692A/ADM802L/M/ADM805L/M
8
REV. 0
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
C21971210/96
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
8-Pin Plastic DIP
(N-8)
8
1
4
5
0.430 (10.92)
0.348 (8.84)
0.280 (7.11)
0.240 (6.10)
PIN 1
SEATING
PLANE
0.022 (0.558)
0.014 (0.356)
0.060 (1.52)
0.015 (0.38)
0.210 (5.33)
MAX
0.130
(3.30)
MIN
0.070 (1.77)
0.045 (1.15)
0.100
(2.54)
BSC
0.160 (4.06)
0.115 (2.93)
0.325 (8.25)
0.300 (7.62)
0.015 (0.381)
0.008 (0.204)
0.195 (4.95)
0.115 (2.93)
8-Lead SOIC
(SO-8)
0.1968 (5.00)
0.1890 (4.80)
8
5
4
1
0.2440 (6.20)
0.2284 (5.80)
PIN 1
0.1574 (4.00)
0.1497 (3.80)
0.0688 (1.75)
0.0532 (1.35)
SEATING
PLANE
0.0098 (0.25)
0.0040 (0.10)
0.0192 (0.49)
0.0138 (0.35)
0.0500
(1.27)
BSC
0.0098 (0.25)
0.0075 (0.19)
0.0500 (1.27)
0.0160 (0.41)
8
0
0.0196 (0.50)
0.0099 (0.25)
x 45
8-Lead MicroSOIC
(RM-8)
8
5
4
1
0.122 (3.10)
0.114 (2.90)
0.199 (5.05)
0.187 (4.75)
PIN 1
0.0256 (0.65) BSC
0.122 (3.10)
0.114 (2.90)
SEATING
PLANE
0.006 (0.15)
0.002 (0.05)
0.018 (0.46)
0.008 (0.20)
0.043 (1.09)
0.037 (0.938)
0.120 (3.05)
0.112 (2.84)
0.011 (0.28)
0.003 (0.08)
0.027 (0.68)
0.015 (0.38)
33
27
0.120 (3.05)
0.112 (2.84)
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