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Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.

AD8110/AD8111*

One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781/329-4700

World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com

Fax: 781/326-8703

© Analog Devices, Inc., 1997

260 MHz, 16 8 Buffered

Video Crosspoint Switches

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

AD8110/AD8111

SWITCH

MATRIX

OUTPUT
BUFFER

G = +1,

G = +2

128

40-BIT SHIFT REGISTER

WITH 5-BIT

PARALLEL LOADING

PARALLEL LATCH

DECODE

8 5:16 DECODERS

CLK

DATA IN

UPDATE

RESET

16 INPUTS

DATA OUT

8 OUTPUTS

SET INDIVIDUAL OR

RESET ALL OUTPUTS

TO "OFF"

SER

/PAR

D0 D1 D2 D3

ENABLE/DISABLE

FEATURES
16 8 High Speed Nonblocking Switch Arrays

AD8110: G = +1
AD8111: G = +2

Serial or Parallel Switch Array Control
Serial Data Out Allows "Daisy Chaining" of Multiple

Crosspoints to Create Larger Switch Arrays

Pin Compatible with AD8108/AD8109 8 8 Switch

Arrays

For a 16 16 Array See AD8116
Complete Solution

Buffered Inputs
Eight Output Amplifiers, AD8110 (G = +1),

AD8111 (G = +2)

Drives 150 Loads

Excellent Video Performance

60 MHz 0.1 dB Gain Flatness
0.02% Differential Gain Error (R

= 150 )

0.02 Differential Phase Error (R

= 150 )

Excellent AC Performance

260 MHz 3 dB Bandwidth
500 V/ s Slew Rate

Low Power of 50 mA
Low All Hostile Crosstalk of 78 dB @ 5 MHz
Output Disable Allows Direct Connection of Multiple

Device Outputs

Reset Pin Allows Disabling of All Outputs (Connected

Through a Capacitor to Ground Provides "Power-

On" Reset Capability)

Excellent ESD Rating: Exceeds 4000 V Human Body

Model

80-Lead TQFP Package (12 mm 12 mm)

APPLICATIONS
Routing of High Speed Signals Including:

Composite Video (NTSC, PAL, S, SECAM)
Component Video (YUV, RGB)
Compressed Video (MPEG, Wavelet)
3-Level Digital Video (HDB3)

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

The AD8110 and AD8111 are high speed 16

8 video cross-

point switch matrices. They offer a 3 dB signal bandwidth
greater than 260 MHz, and channel switch times of less than
25 ns with 1% settling. With 78 dB of crosstalk and 97 dB
isolation (@ 5 MHz), the AD8110/AD8111 are useful in many
high speed applications. The differential gain and differential

phase of better than 0.02% and 0.02

respectively, along with

0.1 dB flatness out to 60 MHz, make the AD8110/AD8111 ideal
for video signal switching.

The AD8110 and AD8111 include eight independent output
buffers that can be placed into a high impedance state for paral-
leling crosspoint outputs so that off channels do not load the
output bus. The AD8110 has a gain of +1, while the AD8111
offers a gain of +2. They operate on voltage supplies of

5 V

while consuming only 50 mA of idle current. The channel
switching is performed via a serial digital control (which can
accommodate "daisy chaining" of several devices) or via a paral-
lel control, allowing updating of an individual output without re-
programing the entire array.

The AD8110/AD8111 is packaged in an 80-lead TQFP package
and is available over the extended industrial temperature range
of 40

C to +85

*Patent Pending.

REV. 0

AD8110/AD8111SPECIFICATIONS

= 5 V, T

= +25 C, R

= 1 k

unless otherwise noted)

AD8110/AD8111

Reference

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

Figure No.

DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

3 dB Bandwidth

200 mV p-p, R

= 150

300/190

390/260

MHz

6, 12

2 V p-p, R

= 150

150

MHz

6, 12

Propagation Delay

2 V p-p, R

= 150

Slew Rate

2 V Step, R

= 150

500

Settling Time

0.1%, 2 V Step, R

= 150

11, 17

Gain Flatness

0.05 dB, 200 mV p-p, R

= 150

60/40

MHz

6, 12

0.05 dB, 2 V p-p, R

= 150

65/40

MHz

6, 12

0.1 dB, 200 mV p-p, R

= 150

80/57

MHz

6, 12

0.1 dB, 2 V p-p, R

= 150

70/57

MHz

6, 12

NOISE/DISTORTION PERFORMANCE

Differential Gain Error

NTSC or PAL, R

= 1 k

0.01

NTSC or PAL, R

=150

0.02

Differential Phase Error

NTSC or PAL, R

= 1 k

0.01

Degrees

NTSC or PAL, R

= 150

0.02

Degrees

Crosstalk, All Hostile

f = 5 MHz

78/85

7, 13

f = 10 MHz

70/80

7, 13

Off Isolation, Input-Output

f = 10 MHz, R

=150

, One Channel

93/99

22, 28

Input Voltage Noise

0.01 MHz to 50 MHz

nV/

19, 25

DC PERFORMANCE

Gain Error

= 1 k

0.04/0.1

0.07/0.5

= 150

0.15/0.25

Gain Matching

No Load, Channel-Channel

0.02/1.0

= 1 k

, Channel-Channel

0.09/1.0

Gain Temperature Coefficient

0.5/8

ppm/

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Output Impedance

DC, Enabled

0.2

23, 29

Disabled

10/0.001

20, 26

Output Disable Capacitance

Disabled

Output Leakage Current

Disabled, AD8110 Only

1/NA

Output Voltage Range

No Load

2.5

Output Current

Short Circuit Current

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Input Offset Voltage

Worse Case (All Configurations)

34, 40

Temperature Coefficient

35, 41

Input Voltage Range

2.5/

1.25

1.5

Input Capacitance

Any Switch Configuration

2.5

Input Resistance

Input Bias Current

Per Output Selected

SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS

Enable On Time

Switching Time, 2 V Step

50%

UPDATE to 1% Settling

Switching Transient (Glitch)

Measured at Output

20/30

mV p-p

21, 27

POWER SUPPLIES

Supply Current

AVCC, Outputs Enabled, No Load

AVCC, Outputs Disabled

AVEE, Outputs Enabled, No Load

AVEE, Outputs Disabled

DVCC

Supply Voltage Range

4.5 to

5.5

PSRR

f = 100 kHz

75/78

18, 24

f = 1 MHz

55/58

OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE

Temperature Range

Operating (Still Air)

40 to +85

Operating (Still Air)

C/W

Specifications subject to change without notice.

AD8110/AD8111

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TIMING CHARACTERISTICS (Serial)

Limit

Parameter

Symbol

Min

Typ

Max

Units

Serial Data Setup Time

CLK Pulsewidth

100

Serial Data Hold Time

CLK Pulse Separation, Serial Mode

100

CLK to

UPDATE Delay

UPDATE Pulsewidth

CLK to DATA OUT Valid, Serial Mode

180

Propagation Delay,

UPDATE to Switch On or Off

Data Load Time, CLK = 5 MHz, Serial Mode

CLK,

UPDATE Rise and Fall Times

100

RESET Time

200

1 = LATCHED

0 = TRANSPARENT

DATA OUT

CLK

DATA IN

OUT7 (D4)

OUT7 (D3)

OUT00 (D0)

LOAD DATA INTO

SERIAL REGISTER

ON FALLING EDGE

TRANSFER DATA FROM SERIAL

REGISTER TO PARALLEL

LATCHES DURING LOW LEVEL

UPDATE

Figure 1. Timing Diagram, Serial Mode

Table I. Logic Levels

RESET, SER/PAR

CLK, DATA IN,

CE, UPDATE

DATA OUT

CE, UPDATE

DATA OUT

2.0 V min

0.8 V max

2.7 V min

0.5 V max

A max

400

A min

400

A max

3.0 mA min

AD8110/AD8111

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CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the AD8110/AD8111 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent dam-
age may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper
ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION

The maximum power that can be safely dissipated by the
AD8110/AD8111 is limited by the associated rise in junction
temperature. The maximum safe junction temperature for plas-
tic encapsulated devices is determined by the glass transition
temperature of the plastic, approximately +150

C. Temporarily

exceeding this limit may cause a shift in parametric performance
due to a change in the stresses exerted on the die by the pack-
age. Exceeding a junction temperature of +175

C for an ex-

tended period can result in device failure.

While the AD8110/AD8111 is internally short circuit protected,
this may not be sufficient to guarantee that the maximum junc-
tion temperature (+150

C) is not exceeded under all condi-

tions. To ensure proper operation, it is necessary to observe the
maximum power derating curves shown in Figure 3.

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE C

5.0

MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION Watts

4.0

50

40 30 20 10

30 40

60 70

3.0

2.0

1.0

= 150 C

Figure 3. Maximum Power Dissipation vs. Temperature

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.0 V
Internal Power Dissipation

AD8110/AD8111 80-Lead Plastic TQFP (ST) . . . . . 2.6 W

Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Output Short Circuit Duration

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observe Power Derating Curves

Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

C to +125

Lead Temperature Range (Soldering 10 sec) . . . . . . . . +300

NOTES

Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause perma-

nent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

Specification is for device in free air (T

= +25

C):

80-lead plastic TQFP (ST):

= 48

C/W.

ORDERING GUIDE

Temperature

Package

Model

Range

Description

Option

AD8110AST

C to +85

80-Lead Plastic TQFP (12 mm

12 mm)

ST-80A

AD8111AST

C to +85

80-Lead Plastic TQFP (12 mm

12 mm)

ST-80A

AD8110-EB

Evaluation Board

AD8111-EB

Evaluation Board

WARNING!

ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

Table III. Operation Truth Table

SER/

UPDATE

CLK

DATA IN

DATA OUT

RESET

PAR

Operation/Comment

No change in logic.

Data

i-40

The data on the serial DATA IN line is loaded
into serial register. The first bit clocked into
the serial register appears at DATA OUT 40
clocks later.

D0 . . . D4,

NA in Parallel

The data on the parallel data lines, D0D4, are

A0 . . . A2

Mode

loaded into the 40-bit serial shift register loca-
tion addressed by A0A2.

Data in the 40-bit shift register transfers into the
parallel latches that control the switch array.
Latches are transparent.

Asynchronous operation. All outputs are disabled.
Remainder of logic is unchanged.

CLK

3 TO 8 DECODER

CLK

UPDATE

128

DATA IN

(SERIAL)

(OUTPUT

ENABLE)

SER

/PAR

RESET

(OUTPUT ENABLE)

OUT0 EN

DATA
OUT

PARALLEL

DATA

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D1
D2
D3

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

OUT1 EN

OUT2 EN

OUT3 EN

OUT4 EN

OUT5 EN

OUT6 EN

OUT7 EN

CLR

OUT7

OUTPUT ENABLE

SWITCH MATRIX

D Q

CLK

DECODE

CLR

OUT0

OUT1

CLR

OUT6

OUT7

D Q

CLK

OUT7

Figure 4. Logic Diagram

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

PIN FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

Pin Name

Pin Numbers

Pin Description

INxx

66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78,

Analog Inputs; xx = Channel Numbers 00 Through 15.

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 64

DATA IN

Serial Data Input, TTL Compatible.

CLK

Clock, TTL Compatible. Falling Edge Triggered.

DATA OUT

Serial Data Out, TTL Compatible.

UPDATE

Enable (Transparent) "Low." Allows serial register to connect directly to switch
matrix. Data latched when "High."

RESET

Disable Outputs, Active "Low."

Chip Enable, Enable "Low." Must be "low" to clock in and latch data.

SER/PAR

Selects Serial Data Mode, "Low" or Parallel Data Mode, "High." Must be connected.

OUTyy

41, 38, 35, 32, 29, 26, 23, 20

Analog Outputs yy = Channel Numbers 00 Through 07.

AGND

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 46

Analog Ground for Inputs and Switch Matrix.

65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77

DVCC

63, 79

+5 V for Digital Circuitry.

DGND

62, 80

Ground for Digital Circuitry.

AVEE

17, 45

5 V for Inputs and Switch Matrix.

AVCC

18, 44

+5 V for Inputs and Switch Matrix.

AGNDxx

42, 39, 36, 33, 30, 27, 24, 21

Ground for Output Amp, xx = Output Channel Numbers 00 Through 07. Must be connected.

AVCCxx/yy

43, 37, 31, 25, 22, 19

+5 V for Output Amplifier that is shared by Channel Numbers xx and yy. Must be connected.

AVEExx/yy

40, 34, 28, 22

5 V for Output Amplifier that is shared by Channel Numbers xx and yy. Must be connected.

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Output Select LSB).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Output Select).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Output Select MSB).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Input Select LSB).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Input Select).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Input Select MSB).

Parallel Data Input, TTL Compatible (Output Enable).

ESD

INPUT

ESD

OUTPUT

1k
(AD8111 ONLY)

ESD

RESET

20k

DGND

ESD

INPUT

DGND

ESD

OUTPUT

DGND

d. Logic Input

e. Logic Output

Figure 5. I/O Schematics

a. Analog Input

c. Reset Input

b. Analog Output

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

INPUT IMPEDANCE 

100k

10k

100

10M

30k

100k

10M

100M

500M

FREQUENCY Hz

Figure 30. AD8110 Input Impedance vs. Frequency

FREQUENCY Hz

GAIN dB

0.1M

10M

100M

18pF = 7.7dB

12pF = 4.5dB

= 200mV p-p

= 150

Figure 31. AD8110 Frequency Response vs. Capacitive Load

FREQUENCY Hz

FLATNESS dB

0.7

0.6

0.2

0.1M

10M

100M

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

= 200mV p-p

= 150

= 18pF

= 12pF

Figure 32. AD8110 Flatness vs. Capacitive Load

OUT

UPDATE

INPUT 1 AT +1V

INPUT 0 AT 1V

50ns/DIV

2V/DIV

1V/DIV

Figure 33. AD8110 Switching Time

OFFSET VOLTAGE Volts

FREQUENCY

260

0.020

0.010

0.000

0.010

240

180

160

120

220

200

140

100

0.020

Figure 34. AD8110 Offset Voltage Distribution

TEMPERATURE C

 mV

2.0

60

40

100

20

1.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Figure 35. AD8110 Offset Voltage vs. Temperature
(Normalized at +25

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

FREQUENCY

 Hz

INPUT IMPEDANCE 

30k

500M

10M

100M

100k

10k

100

100k

10M

Figure 36. AD8111 Input Impedance vs. Frequency

GAIN dB

FREQUENCY Hz

0.1M

10M

100M

18pF

12pF

Figure 37. AD8111 Frequency Response vs. Capacitive Load

GAIN dB

0.7

0.6

0.1

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

FREQUENCY Hz

0.1M

10M

100M

12pF

18pF

= 100mV

= 150

Figure 38. AD8111 Flatness vs. Capacitive Load

OUT

UPDATE

INPUT 1 AT +1V

INPUT 0 AT 1V

50ns/DIV

2V/DIV

1V/DIV

Figure 39. AD8111 Switching Time

OFFSET VOLTAGE Volts

FREQUENCY

120

480

360

320

240

160

440

400

280

200

0.020

0.010

0.000

0.010

Figure 40. AD8111 Offset Voltage Distribution (RTI)

TEMPERATURE C

 mV

2.0

60

40

100

20

1.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

Figure 41. AD8111 Offset Voltage Drift vs. Temperature
(Normalized at +25

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

THEORY OF OPERATION:

The AD8110 (G = +1) and AD8111 (G = +2) share a common
core architecture consisting of an array of 128 transconductance
(gm) input stages organized as eight 16:1 multiplexers with a
common, 16-line analog input bus. Each multiplexer is basically
a folded-cascode high speed voltage feedback amplifier with 16
input stages. The input stages are NPN differential pairs whose
differential current outputs are combined at the output stage,
which contains the high impedance node, compensation and a
complementary emitter follower output buffer. In the AD8110,
the output of each multiplexer is fed directly back to the invert-
ing inputs of its 16 gm stages. In the AD8111, the feedback
network is a voltage divider consisting of two equal resistors.

This switched-gm architecture results in a low power crosspoint
switch that is able to directly drive a back terminated video load
(150

) with low distortion (differential gain and differential

phase errors are better than 0.02% and 0.02

, respectively).

This design also achieves high input resistance and low input
capacitance without the signal degradation and power dissipa-
tion of additional input buffers. However, the small input bias
current at any input will increase almost linearly with the num-
ber of outputs programmed to that input.

The output disable feature of these crosspoints allows larger
switch matrices to be built simply by busing together the out-
puts of multiple 16

8 ICs. However, while the disabled output

impedance of the AD8110 is very high (10 M

), that of the

AD8111 is limited by the resistive feedback network (which has
a nominal total resistance of 1 k

) that appears in parallel with

the disabled output. If the outputs of multiple AD8111s are
connected through separate back termination resistors, the
loading due to these finite output impedances will lower the
effective back termination impedance of the overall matrix. This
problem is eliminated if the outputs of multiple AD8111s are
connected directly and share a single back termination resistor
for each output of the overall matrix. This configuration in-
creases the capacitive loading of the disabled AD8111 on the
output of the enabled AD8111.

APPLICATIONS

The AD8110/AD8111 have two options for changing the pro-
gramming of the crosspoint matrix. In the first option a serial
word of 40 bits can be provided that will update the entire ma-
trix each time. The second option allows for changing a single
output's programming via a parallel interface. The serial option
requires fewer signals, but requires more time (clock cycles) for
changing the programming, while the parallel programming tech-
nique requires more signals, but can change a single output at a
time and requires fewer clock cycles to complete programming.

Serial Programming

The serial programming mode uses the device pins

CE, CLK,

DATA IN,

UPDATE, and SER/PAR. The first step is to assert

a LOW on

SER/PAR in order to enable the serial program-

ming mode.

CE for the chip must be LOW to allow data to be

clocked into the device. The

CE signal can be used to address

an individual device when devices are connected in parallel.

The

UPDATE signal should be HIGH during the time that data

is shifted into the device's serial port. Although the data will still
shift in when

UPDATE is LOW, the transparent, asynchronous

latches will allow the shifting data to reach the matrix. This will
cause the matrix to try to update to every intermediate state as
defined by the shifting data.

The data at DATA IN is clocked in at every down edge of CLK.
A total of 40 data bits must be shifted in to complete the pro-
gramming. For each of the eight outputs, there are four bits
(D0D3) that determine the source of its input followed, by one
bit (D4) that determines the enabled state of the output. If D4 is
LOW (output disabled) the four associated bits (D0D3) do not
matter, because no input will be switched to that output.

The most-significant-output-address data is shifted in first, then
following in sequence until the least-significant-output-address
data is shifted in. At this point

UPDATE can be taken LOW,

which will cause the programming of the device according to the
data that was just shifted in. The

UPDATE registers are asyn-

chronous and when

UPDATE is LOW (and CE is LOW), they

are transparent.

If more than one AD8110/AD8111 device is to be serially pro-
grammed in a system, the DATA OUT signal from one device
can be connected to the DATA IN of the next device to form a
serial chain. All of the CLK,

CE, UPDATE and SER/PAR pins

should be connected in parallel and operated as described above.
The serial data is input to the DATA IN pin of the first device
of the chain, and it will ripple on through to the last. Therefore,
the data for the last device in the chain should come at the be-
ginning of the programming sequence. The length of the pro-
gramming sequence will be 40 times the number of devices in
the chain.

Parallel Programming

When using the parallel programming mode, it is not necessary
to reprogram the entire device when making changes to the
matrix. In fact, parallel programming allows the modification
of a single output at a time. Since this takes only one CLK/
UPDATE cycle, significant time savings can be realized by using
parallel programming.

One important consideration in using parallel programming is
that the

RESET signal DOES NOT RESET ALL REGISTERS

in the AD8110/AD8111. When taken low, the

RESET signal

will only set each output to the disabled state. This is helpful
during power-up to ensure that two parallel outputs will not be
active at the same time.

After initial power-up, the internal registers in the device will
generally have random data, even though the

RESET signal was

asserted. If parallel programming is used to program one output,
that output will be properly programmed, but the rest of the
device will have a random program state depending on the inter-
nal register content at power-up. Therefore, when using parallel
programming, it is essential that ALL OUTPUTS BE PRO-
GRAMMED TO A DESIRED STATE AFTER POWER-UP.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

This will ensure that the programming matrix is always in a
known state. From then on, parallel programming can be used
to modify a single output or more at a time.

In a similar fashion, if both

CE and UPDATE are taken LOW

after initial power-up, the random power-up data in the shift
register will be programmed into the matrix. Therefore, in order
to prevent the crosspoint from being programmed into an un-
known state DO NOT APPLY LOW LOGIC LEVELS TO
BOTH

CE AND UPDATE AFTER POWER IS INITIALLY

APPLIED. Programming the full shift register one time to a
desired state by either serial or parallel programming after initial
power-up will eliminate the possibility of programming the
matrix to an unknown state.

To change an output's programming via parallel programming,
SER/PAR and UPDATE should be taken HIGH and CE should
be taken LOW. The CLK signal should be in the HIGH state.
The address of the output that is to be programmed should be
put on A0A2. The first four data bits (D0D3) should contain
the information that identifies the input that is programmed to
the output that is addressed. The fourth data bit (D4) will de-
termine the enabled state of the output. If D4 is LOW (output
disabled), the data on D0D3 does not matter.

After the desired address and data signals have been established,
they can be latched into the shift register by a HIGH-to-LOW
transition of the CLK signal. The matrix will not be programmed,
however, until the

UPDATE signal is taken low. Thus, it is

possible to latch in new data for several or all of the outputs first
via successive negative transitions of CLK while

UPDATE is

held high, and then have all the new data take effect when

UP-

DATE goes LOW. This technique should be used when pro-
gramming the device for the first time after power-up when
using parallel programming.

POWER-ON RESET

When powering up the AD8110/AD8111 it is usually desirable
to have the outputs come up in the disabled state. The

RESET

pin, when taken LOW will cause all outputs to be in the dis-
abled state. However, the

RESET signal DOES NOT RESET

ALL REGISTERS in the AD8110/AD8111 This is important
when operating in the parallel programming mode. Please refer
to that section for information about programming internal
registers after power-up. Serial programming will program the
entire matrix each time, so no special considerations apply.

Since the data in the shift register is random after power-up, it
should not be used to program the matrix or else the matrix can
enter unknown states. To prevent this, DO NOT APPLY LOGIC
LOW SIGNALS TO BOTH

CE AND UPDATE INITIALLY

AFTER POWER-UP. The shift register should first be loaded
with the desired data, and then

UPDATE can be taken LOW to

program the device.

The

RESET pin has a 20 k

pull-up resistor to DVDD that can

be used to create a simple power-up reset circuit. A capacitor
from

RESET to ground will hold RESET LOW for some time

while the rest of the device stabilizes. The LOW condition will

cause all the outputs to be disabled. The capacitor will then
charge through the pull-up resistor to the HIGH state; thus
allowing full programming capability of the device.

GAIN SELECTION

The 16

8 crosspoints come in two versions depending on the

desired gain of the analog circuit paths. The AD8110 device is
unity gain and can be used for analog logic switching and other
applications where unity gain is desired. The AD8110 can also
be used for the input and interior sections of larger crosspoint
arrays where termination of output signals is not usually used.
The AD8110 outputs have a very high impedance when their
outputs are disabled.

For devices that will be used to drive a terminated cable with its
outputs, the AD8111 can be used. This device has a built-in
gain of two that eliminates the need for a gain-of-two buffer to
drive a video line. Because of the presence of the feedback net-
work in these devices, the disabled output impedance is about
1 k

If external amplifiers are used to provide a gain = +2, our AD8079
provides a fixed G = +2 function.

CREATING LARGER CROSSPOINT ARRAYS

The AD8110/AD8111 are high density building blocks for cre-
ating crosspoint arrays of dimensions larger than 16

8. Various

features such as output disable, chip enable, and gain-of-one-
and-two options are useful for creating larger arrays. For very
large arrays, they can be used along with the AD8116, a 16

video crosspoint device. In addition, when required for custom-
izing a crosspoint array size, they can be used with the AD8108
and AD8109 a pair (unity gain and gain-of-two) of 8

8 video

crosspoint switches.

The first consideration in constructing a larger crosspoint is to
determine the minimum number of devices that are required.
The 16

8 architecture of the AD8110/AD8111 contains 128

"points," which is a factor of 32 greater than a 4

1 crosspoint.

The PC board area and power consumption savings are readily
apparent when compared to using these smaller devices.

For a nonblocking crosspoint, the number of points required is
the product of the number of inputs multiplied by the number
of outputs. Nonblocking requires that the programming of a
given input to one or more outputs does not restrict the avail-
ability of that input to be a source for any other outputs.

Some nonblocking crosspoint architectures will require more
than this minimum as calculated above. Also, there are blocking
architectures that can be constructed with fewer devices than
this minimum. These systems have connectivity available on a
statistical basis that is determined when designing the overall
system.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

The basic concept in constructing larger crosspoint arrays is to
connect inputs in parallel in a horizontal direction and to "wire-
OR" the outputs together in the vertical direction. The meaning
of horizontal and vertical can best be understood by looking at
a diagram. Figure 42 illustrates this concept for a 32

8 cross-

point array.

AD8110

AD8111

TERM

IN 0015

AD8110

AD8111

TERM

IN 1631

Figure 42. A 32

8 Crosspoint Array Using Two AD8110s

or Two AD8111s

The inputs are each uniquely assigned to each of the 32 inputs
of the two devices and terminated appropriately. The outputs
are wire-ORed together in pairs. The output from only one of a
wired OR pair should be enabled at any given time. The device
programming software must be properly written to cause this to
happen.

TERM

IN 0015

IN 1631

IN 3247

IN 4863

IN 6479

IN 8095

IN 96111

IN 112127

RANK 2

16:8 NONBLOCKING

(16:16 BLOCKING)

RANK 1

(8 x AD8110)

128:16

TERM

AD8111

AD8110

4
1k

AD8111

OUT 00 07
NONBLOCKING

ADDITIONAL
8 OUTPUTS
(SUBJECT
TO BLOCKING)

Figure 43. A Gain-of-Two 128

8 Nonblocking Crosspoint Array (128

16 Blocking)

At some point, the number of outputs that are wire-ORed be-
comes too great to maintain system performance. This will vary
according to which system specifications are most important. It
will also depend on whether the matrix consists of AD8110s or
AD8111s. The output disabled impedance of the AD8110 is
much higher than that of the AD8111, so its disabled parasitics
will have a smaller effect on the one output that is enabled. For
example, a 128

8 crosspoint can be created with eight AD8110/

AD8111s. This design will have 128 separate inputs and have
the corresponding outputs of each device wire-ORed together in
groups of eight.

Using additional crosspoint devices in the design can lower the
number of outputs that have to be wire-ORed together. Figure
43 shows a block diagram of a system using eight AD8110s and
two AD8111s to create a nonblocking, gain-of-two, 128

crosspoint that restricts the wire-ORing at the output to only
four outputs. These devices are the AD8110, which has a higher
disabled output impedance than the AD8111.

Additionally, by using the lower four outputs from each of the
two Rank 2 AD8111s, a blocking 128

16 crosspoint array can

be realized. There are, however, some drawbacks to this tech-
nique. The offset voltages of the various cascaded devices will
accumulate and the bandwidth limitations of the devices will
compound. In addition, the extra devices will consume more
current and take up more board space. Once again, the overall
system design specifications will determine how to make the
various tradeoffs.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

Multichannel Video

The excellent video specifications of the AD8110/AD8111
make them ideal candidates for creating composite video cross-
point switches. These can be made quite dense by taking advan-
tage of the AD8110/AD8111's high level of integration and the
fact that composite video requires only one crosspoint channel
per system video channel. There are, however, other video
formats that can be routed with the AD8110/AD8111 requiring
more than one crosspoint channel per video channel.

Some systems use twisted-pair wiring to carry video signals.
These systems utilize differential signals and can lower costs
because they use lower cost cables, connectors and termination
methods. They also have the ability to lower crosstalk and
reject common-mode signals, which can be important for
equipment that operates in noisy environments or where
common-mode voltages are present between transmitting
and receiving equipment.

In such systems, the video signals are differential; there is a
positive and negative (or inverted) version of the signals. These
complementary signals are transmitted onto each of the two
wires of the twisted pair, yielding a first order zero common-
mode signal. At the receive end, the signals are differentially
received and converted back into a single-ended signal.

When switching these differential signals, two channels are
required in the switching element to handle the two differential
signals that make up the video channel. Thus, one differential
video channel is assigned to a pair of crosspoint channels, both
input and output. For a single AD8110/AD8111, eight differen-
tial video channels can be assigned to the 16 inputs and four to
the outputs. This will effectively form an 8

4 differential cross-

point switch.

Programming such a device will require that inputs and outputs
be programmed in pairs. This information can be deduced by
inspection of the programming format of the AD8110/AD8111
and the requirements of the system.

There are other analog video formats requiring more than one
analog circuit per video channel. One two-circuit format that is
commonly being used in systems such as satellite TV, digital
cable boxes and higher quality VCRs, is called S-video or Y/C
video. This format carries the brightness (luminance or Y)
portion of the video signal on one channel and the color
(chrominance, chroma or C) on a second channel.

Since S-video also uses two separate circuits for one video chan-
nel, creating a crosspoint system requires assigning one video
channel to two crosspoint channels as in the case of a differen-
tial video system. Aside from the nature of the video format,
other aspects of these two systems will be the same.

There are yet other video formats using three channels to carry
the video information. Video cameras produce RGB (red,
green, blue) directly from the image sensors. RGB is also the
usual format used by computers internally for graphics. RGB
can also be converted to Y, R-Y, B-Y format, sometimes called
YUV format. These three-circuit, video standards are referred
to as component analog video.

The component video standards require three crosspoint chan-
nels per video channel to handle the switching function. In a
fashion similar to the two-circuit video formats, the inputs and
outputs are assigned in groups of three and the appropriate
logic programming is performed to route the video signals.

CROSSTALK

Many systems, such as broadcast video, that handle numerous
analog signal channels have strict requirements for keeping the
various signals from influencing any of the others in the system.
Crosstalk is the term used to describe the coupling of the signals
of other nearby channels to a given channel.

When there are many signals in close proximity in a system, as
will undoubtedly be the case in a system that uses the AD8110/
AD8111, the crosstalk issues can be quite complex. A good
understanding of the nature of crosstalk and some definition of
terms is required in order to specify a system that uses one or
more AD8110/AD8111s.

Types of Crosstalk

Crosstalk can be propagated by means of any of three methods.
These fall into the categories of electric field, magnetic field and
sharing of common impedances. This section will explain these
effects.

Every conductor can be both a radiator of electric fields and a
receiver of electric fields. The electric field crosstalk mechanism
occurs when the electric field created by the transmitter propa-
gates across a stray capacitance (e.g., free space) and couples
with the receiver and induces a voltage. This voltage is an un-
wanted crosstalk signal in any channel that receives it.

Currents flowing in conductors create magnetic fields that circu-
late around the currents. These magnetic fields will then gener-
ate voltages in any other conductors whose paths they link. The
undesired induced voltages in these other channels are crosstalk
signals. The channels that crosstalk can be said to have a mutual
inductance that couples signals from one channel to another.

The power supplies, grounds and other signal return paths of a
multichannel system are generally shared by the various chan-
nels. When a current from one channel flows in one of these
paths, a voltage that is developed across the impedance becomes
an input crosstalk signal for other channels that share the com-
mon impedance.

All these sources of crosstalk are vector quantities, so the magni-
tudes cannot be simply added together to obtain the total
crosstalk. In fact, there are conditions where driving additional
circuits in parallel in a given configuration can actually reduce
the crosstalk.

Areas of Crosstalk

For a practical AD8110/AD8111 circuit, it is required that it be
mounted to some sort of circuit board in order to connect it to
power supplies and measurement equipment. Great care has
been taken to create a characterization board (also available as
an evaluation board) that adds minimum crosstalk to the intrin-
sic device. This, however, raises the issue that a system's
crosstalk is a combination of the intrinsic crosstalk of the
devices in addition to the circuit board to which they are
mounted. It is important to try to separate these two areas of
crosstalk when attempting to minimize its effect.

In addition, crosstalk can occur among the inputs to a cross-
point and among the outputs. It can also occur from input to
output. Techniques will be discussed for diagnosing which part
of a system is contributing to crosstalk.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

Measuring Crosstalk

Crosstalk is measured by applying a signal to one or more chan-
nels and measuring the relative strength of that signal on a de-
sired selected channel. The measurement is usually expressed as
dB down from the magnitude of the test signal. The crosstalk is
expressed by:

|XT| = 20 log

(Asel(s)/Atest(s))

where s = j

is the Laplace transform variable, Asel(s) is the

amplitude of the crosstalk-induced signal in the selected channel
and Atest(s) is the amplitude of the test signal. It can be seen
that crosstalk is a function of frequency, but not a function of
the magnitude of the test signal (to first order). In addition, the
crosstalk signal will have a phase relative to the test signal asso-
ciated with it.

A network analyzer is most commonly used to measure crosstalk
over a frequency range of interest. It can provide both magni-
tude and phase information about the crosstalk signal.

As a crosspoint system or device grows larger, the number of
theoretical crosstalk combinations and permutations can be-
come extremely large. For example, in the case of the 16

matrix of the AD8110/AD8111, we can examine the number of
crosstalk terms that can be considered for a single channel, say
IN00 input. IN00 is programmed to connect to one of the
AD8110/AD8111 outputs where the measurement can be made.

We can first measure the crosstalk terms associated with driving
a test signal into each of the other 15 inputs one at a time. We
can then measure the crosstalk terms associated with driving a
parallel test signal into all 15 other inputs taken two at a time in
all possible combinations; and then three at a time, etc., until,
finally, there is only one way to drive a test signal into all 15
other inputs.

Each of these cases is legitimately different from the others and
might yield a unique value depending on the resolution of the
measurement system, but it is hardly practical to measure all
these terms and then to specify them. In addition, this describes
the crosstalk matrix for just one input channel. A similar crosstalk
matrix can be proposed for every other input. In addition, if the
possible combinations and permutations for connecting inputs
to the other (not used for measurement) outputs are taken into
consideration, the numbers rather quickly grow to astronomical
proportions. If a larger crosspoint array of multiple AD8110/
AD8111s is constructed, the numbers grow larger still.

Obviously, some subset of all these cases must be selected to be
used as a guide for a practical measure of crosstalk. One com-
mon method is to measure "all hostile" crosstalk. This term
means that the crosstalk to the selected channel is measured,
while all other system channels are driven in parallel. In general,
this will yield the worst crosstalk number, but this is not always
the case due to the vector nature of the crosstalk signal.

Other useful crosstalk measurements are those created by one
nearest neighbor or by the two nearest neighbors on either side.
These crosstalk measurements will generally be higher than
those of more distant channels, so they can serve as a worst case
measure for any other one-channel or two-channel crosstalk
measurements.

Input and Output Crosstalk

The flexible programming capability of the AD8110/AD8111
can be used to diagnose whether crosstalk is occurring more on
the input side or the output side. Some examples are illustra-
tive. A given input channel (IN07 in the middle for this ex-
ample) can be programmed to drive OUT03. The input to IN07
is just terminated to ground (via 50 or 75

) and no signal is

applied.

All the other inputs are driven in parallel with the same test
signal (practically provided by a distribution amplifier), with all
other outputs except OUT03 disabled. Since grounded IN07 is
programmed to drive OUT03, there should be no signal present.
Any signal that is present can be attributed to the other 15 hos-
tile input signals, because no other outputs are driven (they are
all disabled). Thus, this method measures the all-hostile input
contribution to crosstalk into IN07. Of course, the method can
be used for other input channels and combinations of hostile
inputs.

For output crosstalk measurement, a single input channel
(IN00 for example) is driven and all outputs other than a
given output (IN03 in the middle) are programmed to
connect to IN00. OUT03 is programmed to connect to IN15
(far away from IN00), which is terminated to ground. Thus
OUT03 should not have a signal present since it is listening to a
quiet input. Any signal measured at the OUT03 can be attrib-
uted to the output crosstalk of the other seven hostile outputs.
Again, this method can be modified to measure other channels
and other crosspoint matrix combinations.

Effect of Impedances on Crosstalk

The input side crosstalk can be influenced by the output imped-
ance of the sources that drive the inputs. The lower the im-
pedance of the drive source, the lower the magnitude of the
crosstalk. The dominant crosstalk mechanism on the input side
is capacitive coupling. The high impedance inputs do not have
significant current flow to create magnetically induced crosstalk.
However, significant current can flow through the input termi-
nation resistors and the loops that drive them. Thus, the PC
board on the input side can contribute to magnetically coupled
crosstalk.

From a circuit standpoint, the input crosstalk mechanism looks
like a capacitor coupling to a resistive load. For low frequencies
the magnitude of the crosstalk will be given by:

|XT| = 20 log

[(R

)

where R

is the source resistance, C

is the mutual capacitance

between the test signal circuit and the selected circuit, and s is
the Laplace transform variable.

From the equation it can be observed that this crosstalk mecha-
nism has a high pass nature; it can also be minimized by reduc-
ing the coupling capacitance of the input circuits and lowering
the output impedance of the drivers. If the input is driven from
a 75

terminated cable, the input crosstalk can be reduced by

buffering this signal with a low output impedance buffer.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

On the output side, the crosstalk can be reduced by driving a
lighter load. Although the AD8110/AD8111 is specified with
excellent differential gain and phase when driving a standard
150

video load, the crosstalk will be higher than the minimum

obtainable due to the high output currents. These currents will
induce crosstalk via the mutual inductance of the output pins
and bond wires of the AD8110/AD8111.

From a circuit standpoint, this output crosstalk mechanism
looks like a transformer with a mutual inductance between the
windings that drives a load resistor. For low frequencies, the
magnitude of the crosstalk is given by:

|XT| = 20 log

(Mxy

s/R

)

where Mxy is the mutual inductance of output x to output y,
and R

is the load resistance on the measured output. This

crosstalk mechanism can be minimized by keeping the mutual
inductance low and increasing R

. The mutual inductance can

be kept low by increasing the spacing of the conductors and
minimizing their parallel length.

PCB Layout

Extreme care must be exercised to minimize additional crosstalk
generated by the system circuit board(s). The areas that must be
carefully detailed are grounding, shielding, signal routing and
supply bypassing.

The packaging of the AD8110/AD8111 is designed to help keep
the crosstalk to a minimum. Each input is separated from each
other input by an analog ground pin. All of these AGNDs should
be directly connected to the ground plane of the circuit board.
These ground pins provide shielding, low impedance return
paths and physical separation for the inputs. All of these help to
reduce crosstalk.

Each output is separated from its two neighboring outputs by an
analog ground pin in addition to an analog supply pin of one
polarity or the other. Each of these analog supply pins provides
power to the output stages of only the two nearest outputs.
These supply pins and analog grounds provide shielding, physi-
cal separation and a low impedance supply for the outputs.
Individual bypassing of each of these supply pins with a 0.01

chip capacitor directly to the ground plane minimizes high fre-
quency output crosstalk via the mechanism of sharing common
impedances.

Each output also has an on-chip compensation capacitor that
is individually tied to the nearby analog ground pins AGND00
through AGND07. This technique reduces crosstalk by prevent-
ing the currents that flow in these paths from sharing a common
impedance on the IC and in the package pins. These AGNDxx
signals should all be directly connected to the ground plane.

The input and output signals will have minimum crosstalk if
they are located between ground planes on layers above and
below, and separated by ground in between. Vias should be
located as close to the IC as possible to carry the inputs and
outputs to the inner layer. The only place the input and output
signals surface is at the input termination resistors and the out-
put series back termination resistors. These signals should also
be separated, to the extent possible, as soon as they emerge from
the IC package.

Evaluation Board

A four-layer evaluation board is available for the AD8110/AD8111.
The exact same board and external components are used for
each device. The only difference is the device itself, which offers
a selection of a gain of unity or gain of two through the analog
channels. This board has been carefully laid out and tested to
demonstrate the specified high speed performance of the device.
Figure 44 shows the schematic of the evaluation board. Figure
45 shows the component side silk-screen. The layouts of the
board's four layers are given in:

Component Layer--Figure 46
Signal Routing Layer--Figure 47
Power Layer--Figure 48
Bottom Layer--Figure 49

The evaluation board package includes the following:

· Fully populated board with BNC-type connectors.

· WindowsTM based software for controlling the board from a

PC via the printer port.

· Custom cable to connect evaluation board to PC.

· Disk containing Gerber files of board layout.

Optimized for video applications, all signal inputs and outputs
are terminated with 75

resistors. Stripline techniques are used

to achieve a characteristic impedance on the signal input and
output lines also of 75

. Figure 50 shows a cross-section of

one of the input or output tracks along with the arrangement of
the PCB layers. It should be noted that unused regions of the
four layers are filled up with ground planes. As a result, the
input and output traces, in addition to having controlled imped-
ances, are well shielded.

All trademarks are properties of their respective holders.

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

INPUT 00

AGND

AVEE

0.01 F

INPUT 01

AGND

INPUT 02

AGND

INPUT 03

AGND

INPUT 04

AGND

INPUT 05

AGND

INPUT 06

AGND

INPUT 07

INPUT 08

AGND

INPUT 09

AGND

INPUT 10

AGND

INPUT 11

AGND

INPUT 12

AGND

INPUT 13

AGND

INPUT 14

AGND

INPUT 15

AGND

DATA OUT

DATA IN

DGND

P2-5

P2-4

P2-2

P2-3

P2-1

P2-6

RESET

DGND

CLK

UPDATE

SER

/PAR

P2-5

P2-4

P2-2

P2-3

P2-1

P2-6

P2-5

P2-4

P2-2

P2-3

P2-1

P2-6

P2-5

P2-4

62 61 60 58 56 55

53 52 51 50 49 48 47

SERIAL MODE
JUMP

R25

20k

DVCC

AVCC

0.01 F

AVEE

0.01 F

AVCC

0.01 F

AVEE

0.01 F

AVCC

0.01 F

AVEE

0.01 F

AGND

OUTPUT 00

AVEE

AGND

OUTPUT 01

AVCC

AGND

OUTPUT 02

AVEE

AGND

OUTPUT 03

AVCC

AGND

OUTPUT 04

AVEE

AGND

OUTPUT 05

AVCC

AGND

OUTPUT 06

AVEE

AGND

OUTPUT 07

AVCC

0.01 F

AVCC

0.01 F

AVCC

AVEE

0.01 F

AVEE

0.01 F

AVEE

0.01 F

AVCC

0.01 F

AVCC

0.01 F

DVCC

0.01 F

DVCC

AD8110
AD8111

DVCC DGND

AVEE AGND AVCC

P1-1

CR1
CR2

P1-2

P1-3

P1-4

P1-5

P1-6

P1-7

0.1 F 10 F

Figure 44. Evaluation Board Schematic

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

w = 0.008"

(0.2mm)

a = 0.008"

(0.2mm)

b = 0.024"

(0.6mm)

h = 0.011325"

(0.288mm)

t = 0.00135" (0.0343mm)

TOP LAYER

SIGNAL LAYER

POWER LAYER

BOTTOM LAYER

Figure 50. Cross Section of Input and Output Traces

The board has 24 BNC type connectors: 16 inputs and 8 out-
puts. The connectors are arranged in a crescent around the
device. As can be seen from Figure 47, this results in all 16
input signal traces and all eight signal output traces having the
same length. This is useful in tests such as All-Hostile Crosstalk
where the phase relationship and delay between signals needs to
be maintained from input to output.

The three power supply pins AVCC, DVCC and AVEE should
be connected to good quality, low noise,

5 V supplies. Where

the same

5 V power supplies are used for analog and digital,

separate cables should be run for the power supply to the evalu-
ation board's analog and digital power supply pins.

As a general rule, each power supply pin (or group of adja-
cent power supply pins) should be locally decoupled with a
0.01

F capacitor. If there is a space constraint, it is more

important to decouple analog power supply pins before
digital power supply pins. A 0.1

F capacitor, located rea-

sonably close to the pins, can be used to decouple a number
of power supply pins. Finally a 10

F capacitor should be

used to decouple power supplies as they come on to the
board.

Controlling the Evaluation Board from a PC

The evaluation board include Windows-based control soft-
ware and a custom cable that connects the board's digital
interface to the printer port of the PC. The wiring of this
cable is shown in Figure 51. The software requires Win-
dows 3.1 or later to operate. To install the software, insert
the disk labeled "Disk #1 of 2" in the PC and run the file
called SETUP.EXE. Additional installation instructions
will be given on-screen. Before beginning installation, it is
important to terminate any other Windows applications that
are running.

When you launch the crosspoint control software, you will
be asked to select the printer port you are using. Most
modern PCs have only one printer port, usually called
LPT1. However some laptop computers use the PRN port.

RESET

CLK

DATA IN

DGND

UPDATE

MOLEX 0.100" CENTER

CRIMP TERMINAL HOUSING

D-SUB 25 PIN (MALE)

EVALUATION BOARD

2
3
4
5
6
25

3
1
4
5
2
6

SIGNAL

CE
RESET
UPDATE

DATA IN
CLK
DGND

MOLEX

TERMINAL HOUSING

D-SUB-25

Figure 51. Evaluation Board-PC Connection Cable

AD8110/AD8111

REV. 0

Figure 52 shows the main screen of the control software in its
initial reset state (all outputs off). Using the mouse, any input
can be connected with one or more outputs by simply clicking
on the appropriate radio buttons in the 16

8 on-screen array.

Each time a button is clicked on, the software automatically
sends and latches the required 40-bit data stream to the evalua-
tion board. An output can be turned off by clicking the appro-
priate button in the Off column. To turn off all outputs, click on
RESET.

The software offers volatile and nonvolatile storage of configu-
rations. For volatile storage, up to two configurations can be
stored and recalled using the Memory 1 and Memory 2 Buffers.
These function in an identical fashion to the memory on a
pocket calculator. For nonvolatile storage of a configuration, the
Save Setup and Load Setup functions can be used. This stores
the configuration as a data file on disk.

Overshoot on PC Printer Ports' Data Lines

The data lines on some printer ports have excessive overshoot.
Overshoot on the pin that is used as the serial clock (Pin 6 on
the D-Sub-25 connector) can cause communication problems.
This overshoot can be eliminated by connecting a capacitor
from the CLK line on the evaluation board to ground. A pad
has been provided on the solder-side of the evaluation board to
allow this capacitor to be soldered into place. Depending upon
the overshoot from the printer port, this capacitor may need to
be as large as 0.01

Figure 52. Evaluation Board Control Panel

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